Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
It is noted that geometric and graphical disciplines traditionally cause difficulties in studying elementary students. It is pointed out that the requirements for the quality of education and ensuring academic performance are mutually inverse and are in conflict with the limited number of teaching hours, which has been steadily declining for many years. Data are given on the number of hours allocated for the study of geometric and graphic disciplines in Russian universities. The main reasons for the problems of geometric and graphic training of students are listed. The first reason is an attempt to give knowledge and skills from three different sections - mathematics (descriptive geometry), computer science (computer graphics) and engineering (engineering graphics) in conditions of shortage of classroom hours. Provides information about the content of classical textbooks of descriptive geometry, engineering graphics. The second reason is the complexity of the development of spatial thinking. It is noted that information technologies that facilitate the understanding of images do not solve the problem of the development of spatial thinking. Information is given on the heterogeneity of students in terms of the psychophysiological features of spatial thinking in general and in terms of various types of mathematical thinking. The third reason is the poor initial preparation of students. Features and reasons are indicated. The main ways of increasing the motivation of students to study geometric and graphic disciplines are given. The fourth reason is the unpreparedness of students for independent work. Reasons are given. The main ways of increasing the efficiency of students' independent work are given. The shortcomings of automatic control in the form of testing and automatic verification of solutions of graphic tasks are considered in detail. The fifth reason is the difference in the requirements for geometric and graphic training for different educational areas, specialties and profiles. The presence in the geometric-graphical cycle of disciplines of an invariant (common for different specialties and training profiles) core and subject settings is noted. The sixth reason is the high requirements for lecturers of geometric and graphic disciplines. The problem of training lecturing staff of higher education in the field of geometric and graphic education is noted. Conclusions are made about the need to create a methodological training system that takes into account and solves these problems.
geometric and graphic training, geometric and graphic disciplines, higher technical education, problem analysis, methodological system, education quality management.
1. Abrosimov S.N., Tihonov-Bugrov D.E Proektno-konstruktorskoe obuchenie inzhenernoj grafike: vchera, segodnya, zavtra [Design-design engeneering graphics: yesterday, today,tomorrow]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2016, V. 3, I. 3, rp. 47-57. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1237/14419. (in Russian)
2. Andrjushina T.V., Svichkareva G.N., Kovalev V.A. Optimizaciya struktury i soderzhaniya graficheskih kursov s pozicij modul'no-kompetentnostnogo podhoda [Optimization of structure and content of graphic courses from the perspective of modular and competence approach]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2013, V. 1, I. 1, pp. 77-79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2098. (in Russian)
3. Arustamov KH.A. Sbornik zadach po nachertatel'noy geometrii [Collection of tasks on descriptive geometry]. Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye Publ., 1978. 445 r. (in Russian)
4. Bogolyubov S.K. Inzhenernaja grafika [Engineering graphics]. Moscow, Mashinostroyeniye Publ., 2002. 352 r. (in Russian)
5. Boykov A.A. Avtomatizacija proverki inzhenerno-graficheskih zadanij [Automation of verification of engineering and graphic tasks]. Problemy kachestva graficheskoj podgotovki studentov v technicheskom vuze: tradicii i innovacii [Problems of quality of graphic preparation of students in a technical university: traditions and innovations]. Perm, PNIPU Publ. 2016. V. 1, pp. 99-120. (in Russian)
6. Boykov A.A. Verifitsiruyemost' inzhenerno-graficheskikh zadach kak neobkhodimoye usloviye effektivnoy samostoyatel'noy raboty [Verification of engineering and graphic tasks as a necessary condition for effective independent work]. Problemy kachestva graficheskoj podgotovki studentov v tekhnicheskom vuze: tradicii i innovacii [Problems of quality of graphic training of students at a technical university: traditions and innovations]. Perm', PNIPU 2016, V. 1, pp. 177-190. (in Russian)
7. Boykov A.A. Ispol'zovanie komp'yuternoy sistemy dlya metodicheskogo obespecheniya graficheskikh kursov [Using the computer system for the methodical maintenance of graphic courses]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2013, V. 1, I. 2, pp. 52-53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12237/791. (in Russian)
8. Bojkov A.A. Komp'yuternaya proverka reshenij zadach nachertatel'noj geometrii dlya inzhenerno-graficheskogo obrazovaniya [Computer verification of solutions to problems of descriptive geometry for engineering and graphic education]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020, V. 8, I. 2, pp. 66-81. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2308-4898-2020-66-81. (in Russian)
9. Boykov A.A. O primenenii graficheskikh mul'titestov v sisteme komp'yuternogo obucheniya po inzhenernoy grafike [On the application of the graphic Multitest in computer-based training system for engineering graphics]. Problemy kachestva graficheskoy podgotovki studentov v tekhnicheskom vuze: traditsii i innovatsii [Problems of quality graphic preparation of students in a technical college: tradition and innovation]. PGTU Publ., 2015, pp. 341-355.
10. Bojkov A.A., Sidorov A.A., Fedotov A.M. K voprosu o metodike ispol'zovaniya algoritmov pri reshenii zadach nachertatel'noj geometrii [On the question of the method of using algorithms in solving problems of descriptive geometry]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2018, V. 6, I. 3, pp. 56-68. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.12737/article_5bc45add-9a2b21.45929543. (in Russian)
11. Bojkov A.A., Fedotov A.M. Instrument dlya resheniya zadach nachertatel'noy geometrii iz razdela «Tochka, pryamaya, ploskost'» i ikh proverki [A tool for solving problems of descriptive geometry from the section «Point, line, plane» and their verification]. Innovatsionnyye tekhnologii v inzhenernoy grafike: problemy i perspektivy. Sb. tr. Mezhdunarodnoy nauch.-prakt. konf. 20 aprelya 2018 goda Brest, Respublika Belarus' Novosibirsk, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya. Brest: BrGTU [Innovative technologies in engineering graphics: problems and prospects: Sat. tr. International scientific and practical. conf. April 20, 2018 Brest, Republic of Belarus Novosibirsk, Russian Federation]. Brest, BrGTU. 2018, rr. 41-46.
12. Bojkov A.A., Fedotov A.M. Obzor komp'yuternykh tekhnologiy dlya proverki i samoproverki resheniy graficheskikh zadach [Overview of computer technologies for checking and self-checking solutions to graphic problems]. Problemy koordinatsii raboty tekhnicheskikh vuzov v oblasti povysheniya kachestva inzhenerno-graficheskoy podgotovki studentov: materialy nauch.-metod. konf. [Problems of coordinating the work of technical universities in the field of improving the quality of engineering and graphic training of students: materials of the scientific method. sonf.]. Rostov-on-Don, DSTU. 2018, pp. 171-189. (in Russian)
13. Bocharova I.N., Demidov S.G. Organizatsiya kontrolya znaniy studentov po inzhenernoy grafike v tekhnicheskom universitete [Organization of control of students' knowledge in engineering graphics at a technical university]. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal gumanitarnykh i yestestvennykh nauk [International Journal of the Humanities and Natural Sciences]. 2020, I. 5-3 (44), pp. 102-104. (in Russian)
14. Vasilenko A.V. Urovni razvitiya prostranstvennogo myshleniya uchashchikhsya na urokakh geometrii [Levels of development of spatial thinking of students in geometry lessons]. Nauka i shkola [Science and school]. 2011, I. 2, pp. 62-65. (in Russian)
15. Voloshin-Chelpan Je.K. Nachertatel'naja geometrija. Inzhenernaja grafika [Descriptive geometry. Engineering graphics]. Moscow, Akademicheskij proekt Publ., 2009. 183 p. (in Russian)
16. Volkhin K.A., Astakhova T.A. Problemy graficheskoy podgotovki studentov tekhnicheskogo universiteta [Problems of graphic training of students of the technical university]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 3, pp. 25-30. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/6522. (in Russian)
17. Voronina M.V., Moroz O.N. «Perevyornuty`j» kurs inzhenernoj geometrii i komp`yuternoj grafiki [«Inverted» course of engineering geometry and computer graphics]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics], 2017, V. 5, I. 4, pp. 52-67. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5a1800312afad8.68723389. (in Russian)
18. Panchuk K.L., Lyashkov A.A., Kaygorodtseva N.V., Leonova L.M. Geometricheskoye modelirovaniye v inzhenernoy i komp'yuternoy grafika [Geometric modeling in engineering and computer graphics]. Omsk, Izd-vo OmGTU Publ., 2015. 460 p. (in Russian)
19. Gordon V.O., Ivanov YU.B., Solntseva. T.Ye. Sbornik zadach po kursu nachertatel'noy geometrii [Collection of tasks for the course of descriptive geometry]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1977. 352 r. (in Russian)
20. Gornov A.O., Usanova Ye.V., Shatsillo L.A. Bazovaja geometro-graficheskaja podgotovka na osnove 3D-jelektronnyh modelej [Basic geometrical graphic preparation based on 3D-electronic models]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 3, pp. 43-49. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/6524. (in Russian)
21. Gorsheneva I.A., Buravleva A.K., Buravlev Ye.A. Funktsii i formy kontrolya kak vazhneyshego komponenta uchebno-vospitatel'nogo protsessa [Functions and forms of control as an essential component of the educational process]. Vestnik ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti [Bulletin of economic security]. 2018, I. 4, pp. 301-304. (in Russian)
22. GOST 2.102-2013. YESKD. Vidy i komplektnost' konstruktorskikh dokumentov. [GOST 2.102-2013. ESKD. Types and completeness of design documents]. Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2007. (in Russian)
23. Grigorevskaya L. P., Grigorevskiy L. B., Polkova A. V. Razrabotka spetsial'nykh didakticheskikh sredstv dlya povysheniya kachestva obucheniya distsipline «Inzhenernaya grafika» [Development of special didactic tools to improve the quality of teaching the discipline «Engineering Graphics»] Sibirskiy pedagogicheskiy zhurnal [ Siberian Pedagogical Journal]. 2011. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ra zrabotka-spetsialnyh-didakticheskih-sredstv-dlya-povysheniya-kachestva-obuche-niya-distsipline-inzhenernaya-grafika. (in Russian)
24. Grosheva T.V., Shelyakina G.G. K voprosu ob effektivnosti monitoringa kachestva graficheskoy podgotovki studentov [To the question of efficiency quality monitoring graphic preparation students]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2017, V. 5, I. 4, pp. 75-82. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/article_5a18072dd1a667.42394929. (in Russian)
25. Dolotova R.G., Dolotov A.Ye. Primeneniye informatsionnykh obrazovatel'nykh resursov dlya povysheniya effektivnosti samostoyatel'noy raboty studentov [The use of information educational resources to improve the efficiency of independent work of students]. Sovremennyye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya [Modern problems of science and education]. 2016, I. 2. URL: https://science-education.ru/ru/article/ view?id=24382 (accessed 15 January 2023). (in Russian)
26. Yechmayeva G.A. Prostranstvennoye myshleniye pedagogov professional'nogo obucheniya v oblasti tekhnicheskikh distsiplin: postanovka problem [Spatial thinking of teachers of vocational training in the field of technical disciplines: problem statement]. Sovremennyye naukoyemkiye tekhnologii [Modern high technologies]. 2018, I. 9, pp. 171-176. (in Russian)
27. Zasov S.V., Shnaras Ye.S., Andryushenkova L.L. Puti sovershenstvovaniya metodov kontrolya znaniy uchashchikhsya po nachertatel'noy geometrii [Ways to improve methods for controlling students' knowledge of descriptive geometry]. Vestnik Uchebno-metodicheskogo ob"yedineniya po obrazovaniyu v oblasti prirodoobustroystva i vodopol'zovaniya [Bulletin of the Educational and Methodological Association for Education in the Field of Environmental Management and Water Use]. 2011, I. 3, pp. 141-144. (in Russian)
28. Ivanov G.S. Nachertatel`naya geometriya [Descriptive geometry]. Moskow, FGBOU VPO MGUL Publ., 2012. 340 p. (in Russian)
29. Ivanova M.A., Klimenkova S.B., Voronina Ye.YU. Razvitiye konstruktivno-geometricheskogo myshleniya pri tvorcheskoy rabote uchashchikhsya v protsesse izucheniya inzhenernoy grafika [The development of constructive-geometric thinking in the creative work of students in the process of studying engineering graphics]. Vestnik Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo tekhnicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Irkutsk State Technical University]. 2015, I. 5 (64). (in Russian)
30. Ignat'ev S.A., Tret'yakova Z.O., Voronina M.V. Dopolnennaya real'nost' v nachertatel'noj geometrii [Augmented reality in descriptive geometry]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020. V. 8, I. 2, pp. 41-50. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2308-4898-2020-41-50. (in Russian)
31. Ignat'ev S.A., Tret'yakova Z.O., Folomkin A.I., Moroz O.N. Opyt razrabotki elektronnyh sredstv obucheniya dlya prepodavaniya geometro-graficheskih disciplin [Experience of development of electronic learning tools for teaching geometro-graphic disciplines]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2017, V. 5, I. 2, pp. 84-92. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.12737/article_5953f362d92c46.58282826. (in Russian)
32. Kaplunovich I.YA., Verzilova N.I. Uchet individual'nykh osobennostey myshleniya pri obuchenii uchashchikhsya resheniyu matematicheskikh zadach [Taking into account individual characteristics of thinking when teaching students to solve mathematical problems]. Psikhologicheskaya nauka i obrazovaniye [Psychological Science and Education]. 2003, I. 4, pp. 74-80. (in Russian)
33. Konogorskaya S.A. Osobennosti prostranstvennogo myshleniya i ikh vzaimosvyaz' s uchebnoy uspeshnost'yu obuchayushchikhsya [Features of spatial thinking and their relationship with the educational success of students]. Nauchno-pedagogicheskoye obozreniye [Scientific and pedagogical review]. 2017, I. 1 (15), pp. 142-152. (in Russian)
34. Konogorskaya S.A. Osobennosti razvitiya komponentov prostranstvennogo myshleniya shkol'nikov na raznykh stupenyakh obshchego obrazovaniya [Features of the development of the components of spatial thinking of schoolchildren at different levels of general education]. Uchenyye zapiski Rossiyskogo gosudarstvennogo sotsial'nogo universiteta [Scientific Notes of the Russian State Social University]. 2019, V. 18, I. 4 (153), pp. 91-99. (in Russian)
35. Korolevich A.I. Elementy teorii informatsii v geometrii graficheskogo otobrazheniya [Elements of information theory in the geometry of graphic display]. Sbornik nauch.-metod. statey po NG i IG. [Collection of scientific methods. articles on NG and IG]. V. 3. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1976. p. 66-69. (in Russian)
36. Kotic D.A., Bashkatov A.M., Jurochkina T.M. Problemy i resheniya komp'yuterizacii graficheskih disciplin v universitete [Problems and solutions of graphic disciplines computerization at the University]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 4, pp. 22-27. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/6528. (in Russian)
37. Kotov I.I., Amiyants Ye.V., Osipov V.A. Sbornik zadach po nachertatel'noy geometrii. (Na printsipakh programmirovannogo obucheniya) [Collection of tasks on descriptive geometry. (Based on the principles of programmed learning)]. Moscow, Higher school Publ., 1970. 192 p. (in Russian)
38. Krajnova M.N., Aleksandrova E.P., Stolbova I.D., Kochurova L.V. O sozdanii uchebno-metodicheskogo kompleksa dlya soprovozhdeniya graficheskoj podgotovki studentov [On the creation of educational package to support graphic training of students]. Geometriya i grafika. [Geometry and Graphics]. 2015, V. 3, I. 2, pp. 29-37. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/1216. (in Russian)
39. Kuldybayev A.K. Sovremennyy praktiko-oriyentirovannyy podkhod k osushchestvleniyu prepodavaniya inzhenernoy grafika [Modern practice-oriented approach to the implementation of teaching engineering graphics]. Pedagogika i psikhologiya [Pedagogy and psychology]. 2021, I. 4 (49), pp. 148-159. (in Russian)
40. Chetveruhin N.F. Kurs nachertatel'noj geometrii (s uchetom principov programmirovannogo obucheniya) [Course of Descriptive Geometry (Taking into account the Principles of programmed Learning)]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1968. 266 p. (in Russian)
41. Loginovskij A.N., Xmarova L.I., Usmanova E.A. Formirovanie i razvitie professional`ny`x navy`kov studentov v kurse nachertatel`noj geometrii [Formation and development of professional skills of students in the course of descriptive geometry]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2013, V. 3, I. 2, pp. 46-51. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/12168. (in Russian)
42. Nefedovskiy V.A., Savitskiy YU.A., Terekhov V.V. Issledovaniye v oblasti razvitiya prostranstvennogo myshleniya budushchego voyennogo letchika [Research in the field of development of spatial thinking of the future military pilot]. Gumanitarnyye i sotsial'nyye nauki [Humanities and social sciences]. 2021, I. 2, pp. 226-237. (in Russian)
43. Paklina A.V. Kontrol' v sisteme professional'nogo obrazovaniya: sushchnost', zadachi, trebovaniya [Control in the system of vocational education: essence, tasks, requirements]. Vestnik Shadrinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo instituta [Bulletin of the Shadrinsk State Pedagogical Institute]. 2013, I. 3 (19), pp. 25-30. (in Russian)
44. Petuhova A.V. Inzhenerno-graficheskaya podgotovka studentov stroitelnyih spetsialnostey s ispolzovaniem sovremennyih programmnyih kompleksov [Engineering and graphic preparation of students of building specialties using modern software systems]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Geaphics]. 2015, V. 3, I. 1, pp. 47-58. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/10458. (in Russian)
45. Sal'kov N.A. Kachestvo geometricheskogo obrazovaniya pri razlichnykh podkhodakh k metodike obucheniya [Quality of geometric education in various approaches to teaching methods]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020, V. 8, I. 4, pp. 47-60. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2308-4898-2021-8-4-47-60. (in Russian)
46. Sarbalina B.Dzh., Taskairova A.A., Dzhakupova A.G. Metodika razvitiya prostranstvennogo myshleniya studentov po inzhenernoy grafika [Methodology for the development of spatial thinking of students in engineering graphic]. Vestnik pedagogicheskikh nauk [Bulletin of Pedagogical Sciences]. 2021, I. 7, pp. 153-158. (in Russian)
47. Semagina YU.V., Pavlov S.I., Kostryukov A.V. Ob effektivnosti geometro-graficheskoy podgotovki studentov [On the effectiveness of geometric and graphic training of students]. Nauchno-metodicheskiy elektronnyy zhurnal «Kontsept» [ Scientific and methodological electronic journal «Concept»]. 2016, V. 16, pp. 1921-1925. (in Russian)
48. Serga G.V., Kuznetsova N.N. Ispol'zovaniye mul'timediynykh tekhnologiy dlya provedeniya zanyatiy po distsipline «Nachertatel'naya geometriya i inzhenernaya grafika» dlya studentov inzhenerno-stroitel'nogo fakul'teta KGAU [The use of multimedia technologies for conducting classes in the discipline «Descriptive geometry and engineering graphics» for students of the Civil Engineering Faculty of KSAU]. Politematicheskiy setevoy elektronnyy nauchnyy zhurnal Kubanskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta (Nauchnyy zhurnal KubGAU) [Polythematic network electronic scientific journal of the Kuban State Agrarian University (Scientific Journal of KubSAU)]. 2015, I. 107, pp. 1780-1793. (in Russian)
49. Skorjukova Ja.G., Buda A.G., Mel'nik O. P. Nulevoj kontrol' kak neot"emlemaya chast' metodiki obucheniya geometricheskim i graficheskim disciplinam [Zero Control as Integral Part of Geometrical and Graphic Disciplines’ Instruction Technique]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics], 2014, V. 2, pp. 32-36. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/5589. (in Russian)
50. Spasskaya N.A., Il'ina G.I. Kontrol' znaniy kursantov na zanyatiyakh po nachertatel'noy geometrii i inzhenernoy grafika [Control of knowledge of cadets in the classroom in descriptive geometry and engineering graphics]. Aktual'nyye problemy gumanitarnykh i sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh nauk [Actual problems of the humanities and socio-economic sciences]. 2017, V. 11, I. 1, pp. 114-116. (in Russian)
51. Stolbova I.D. Aktual'nye problemy graficheskoj podgotovki studentov v tekhnicheskih vuzah [Actual problems of graphic training jf students in technical universities]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 1, rp. 30-41. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/386. (in Russian)
52. Stolbova I.D. Ob obespechenii kachestva predmetnogo obucheniya studentov tekhnicheskogo universiteta [On ensuring the quality of subject education for students of a technical university]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2015, V. 3, I. 4, rp. 27-37. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/17348. (in Russian)
53. Sufljaeva N.E. Sovremennye aspekty prepodavanija graficheskih disciplin v tehnicheskih vuzah [Modern aspects of teaching of graphic disciplines in technical universities]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 4, pp. 28-33. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/8294. (in Russian)
54. Ten M.G. Formirovanie professional'nyh kompetencij studentov tehnicheskih special'nostej v processe graficheskoj podgotovki [Formation of professional competencies of students of technical specialties in the process of graphic training]. Geometrija i grafika [Geometry and graphics]. 2015, V. 3, I. 1, pp. 59-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/10459. (in Russian)
55. Tomilin S.A., Ol'khovskaya R.A., Fedotov A.G. Obespecheniye proizvodstvennoy napravlennosti protsessa obucheniya inzhenernoy grafike praktiko-oriyentirovannykh bakalavrov [Ensuring the production orientation of the process of teaching engineering graphics for practice-oriented bachelors]. Nauchno- metodicheskiy elektronnyy zhurnal Kontsept [Scientific and methodical electronic journal Concept]. 2016, V. 1, pp. 376-389. (in Russian)
56. Tomilova O.V. Opyt primeneniya kontseptsii geymifikatsii dlya povysheniya effektivnosti uchebnykh zanyatiy [Experience in applying the concept of gamification to improve the effectiveness of training sessions]. Problemy kachestva graficheskoj podgotovki studentov v tekhnicheskom vuze: tradicii i innovacii [Problems of quality of graphic training of students at a technical university: traditions and innovations]. Perm', PNIPU 2015, V. 1, pp. 376-389. (in Russian)
57. Turutina T.F. Primenenie informacionnyh tekhnologij v metodike proverki graficheskoj gramotnosti budushchih specialistov [The use of information technology in the methodology of checking graphic literacy of future specialists]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2020, V. 8, I. 1, pp. 45-56. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2308-4898-2020-45-56. (in Russian)
58. Usanova E.V. Psihologo-pedagogicheskie aspekty geometricheskogo i graficheskogo obucheniya v tekhnicheskom vuze s ispol'zovaniem mediatekhnologij i SAPR [Psychological and pedagogical aspects of geometrical and graphic training in technical higher education institution with use of media technologies and CAD systems]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and graphics], 2013, V. 1, I. 1, pp. 59-62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/2093. (in Russian)
59. Khusainov R.N., Vasil'yeva L.M., Sagadeyev V.V., Grudinina I.V., Mikhaylova S.N. Puti povysheniya effektivnosti zanyatiy po distsipline «Nachertatel'naya geometriya. Inzhenernaya grafika» [Ways to improve the effectiveness of classes in the discipline «Descriptive geometry. Engineering graphics»]. Vestnik tekhnologicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Technological University]. 2011, V. 23, pp. 330-334. (in Russian)
60. Chekmarev A.A. Inzhenernaya grafika: ucheb. dlya nemash. spets. Vuzov [Engineering graphics: textbook. for non-mash. specialist. universities]. Moscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1988. 335 p. (in Russian)
61. Chepurnykh N.K. Povysheniye effektivnosti prepodavaniya inzhenernoy grafiki [Improving the efficiency of teaching engineering graphics]. Vestnik Vostochno-Sibirskogo instituta MVD Rossii [Bulletin of the East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia]. 2009, I. 3 (50), pp. 109-114. (in Russian)
62. Yakimanskaya I.S. Razvitiye prostranstvennogo myshleniya shkol'nikov [Development of spatial thinking of schoolchildren]. Moscow, Pedagogics Publ., 2005. 240 p. (in Russian)
63. Yaroshevich O.V. Rezervy sovershenstvovaniya geometro-graficheskoy podgotovki sovremennogo inzhenera [Reserves for improving the geometric-graphic preparation of a modern engineer]. Geometriya i grafika [Geometry and Graphics]. 2014, V. 2, I. 2, pp. 37-42. DOI:https://doi.org/10.12737/5590. (in Russian)
