employee from 20.10.1982 to 10.01.2016
Ufa state aviation technical University (Fundamentals of design of mechanisms and machines, associate Professor)
employee from 10.01.2016 until now
Ufa, Ufa, Russian Federation
GRNTI 27.21 Геометрия
OKSO 01.03.04 Прикладная математика
BBK 30 Техника и технические науки в целом
TBK 5012 Инженерная графика. Техническое рисование
A brief journey into the history of industrial revolutions has been presented. It is noted that our society has entered the third industrial revolution’s era. In this regard, the main consequences of the third industrial revolution have been noted. The stages of development for design methods and the basic science providing the design process have been considered. The historical necessity and significance of Gaspar Monge’s descriptive geometry appearance has been considered as well. Modern products design approaches using CAD systems are described. It is stated that design has again returned to three-dimensional space, in fact prior to the Monge’s era, but at a new stage of development. The conclusion is drawn that, taking into account the realities and needs of modern production, it is necessary to modernize the descriptive geometry course for technical high educational institutions. The author's suggestions on course content changing are presented related to extension of one sections and reducing of another ones, taking into account the fact that in real design practice the designer solves geometric problems in three-dimensional space, rather than in a complex drawing. It is noted that in connection with the extensive use of CAD systems, the design stages and the composition of design documentation developed at each stage are changed. Such concepts as "electronic model" and "electronic document" have appeared and are widely used, that is confirmed by adoption of new USDD standards. In such a case the role and significance of some types of drawings may change in the near future, since modern CAD systems allow transfer to production not 2D drawings, but electronic models and product drawings.
industrial revolutions, design approaches, descriptive geometry, drawing role, graphic disciplines’ course modernization, electronic model and product drawing.
Современные экономисты считают, что наше общество в конце XX в. вступило в эпоху третьей промышленной революции. Прежде чем остановиться на ее основных компонентах совершим небольшой экскурс в историю промышленных революций. Первая промышленная революция, или Великая индустриальная революция — переход от ручного труда к машинному, от мануфактуры к фабрике, наблюдавшийся в ведущих западных державах со
второй половины XVIII и до середины XIX в. Основной чертой промышленной революции являлась индустриализация. Промышленная революция связана с началом массового применения паровых машин, работающих на угле. Она привела к изменениям в социальной сфере общества. В связи с появлением рабочего класса возникла потребность в инженерных кадрах, которые должны были обеспечивать изготовление продукции [25]. Стали ткрываться первые инженерные школы, начавшие подготовку необходимых специалистов, но работать с аксонометрическим чертежом, как было принято в то время, или с плоским чертежом, содержащим одну проекцию, было неудобно. Кроме того, необходимо было выполнять макеты проектируемых объектов. Все это стало сдерживающим фактором развития производства. Именно в это время Гаспар Монж предложил свой метод ортогонального роецирования, позволивший не только однозначно задавать объекты на плоском чертеже, но и выполнять решение необходимых геометрических задач. Начертательная геометрия явилась ответом на все возрастающие требования практики эпохи первой промышленной революции [1; 9; 14; 19]. Вторая промышленная революция, или технологическая революция охватывает вторую половину XIX и начало XX в. [15]. Ее началом считают внедрение бессемеровского способа выплавки стали в 1860-х гг., а кульминацией — распространение поточного производства и поточных линий. В 1860–1870-х гг. технологическая революция быстро охватила Западную Европу, США, Российскую империю
и Японию. Она происходила на базе производства высококачественной стали, распространении железных дорог, электричества и химикатов.
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