ЭФФЕКТЫ ДОЗЫ И МОЩНОСТИ ДОЗЫ ИОНИЗИРУЮЩЕГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ – ДИСКУССИЯ С ПОЗИЦИИ РАДИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ
Рубрики: ДИСКУССИЯ
Аннотация и ключевые слова
Аннотация (русский):
Биологические эффекты ионизирующего излучения в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы всегда вызывали большой интерес. В настоящее время Международная комиссия по радиологической защите (МКРЗ) предлагает экстраполировать результаты эпидемиологических исследований по оценке влияния больших доз и высоких мощностей доз излучений на малые дозы и низкие мощности дозы, актуальные для современной системы радиологической защиты, применяя, так называемый, коэффициент эффективности дозы и мощности дозы (DDREF). В статье представлена дискуссия по этой проблеме, организованная экспертами МКРЗ и Японии. Представлено историческое развитие концепта DDREF в свете современных научных данных об эффектах доз и мощностей доз облучения. Обобщены выводы, к которым относительно DDREF в последнее время пришли различные международные организации (например, Комиссия по биологическим эффектам ионизирующих излучений, МКРЗ, Комиссия по радиационной защите Германии, Научный комитет по действию атомной радиации Организации Объединенных Наций и Всемирная организация здравоохранения). Представлены результаты научно-исследовательских работ, направленных на получение новых знаний об эффектах облучения в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы на молекулярном, клеточном уровнях и на уровне организма животных и человека. Обсуждены планы на будущее, направленные на улучшение и оптимизацию концепта DDREF, применяемого в целях радиологической защиты.

Ключевые слова:
радиационный риск, линейная беспороговая модель, коэффициент эффективности дозы и мощности дозы, МКРЗ
Текст

Октябрь 2012 г. формально считается датой, когда в Международной комиссии по радиологической защите (МКРЗ) началось обсуждение вопроса пересмотра научной базы для оценок рисков эффектов, возникающих вследствие воздействия ионизирующих излучений в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы. В результате, в апреле 2013 г. была сформирована Проблемная группа 91, перед которой была поставлена исследовательская задача сделать вывод о радиационных рисках, возникающих вследствие облучения в малых дозах и с низкой мощностью дозы, для использования этих оценок в целях радиологической защиты. Номинальные коэффициенты риска с учетом их вреда являются основой для разработки принципов радиологической защиты (МКРЗ 2007).

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