Relevance. Housing and Communal Services are an important component of quality of life. A socially significant problem is how to make the current pay for the services available to households with the lowest incomes. Insufficient attention to issues of social efficiency of housing and communal services, contrary to the paramount task for the services — to satisfy the interests of consumers, ensure the availability of these services to all segments of the population. Object. The object of research by the authors is the system of housing and communal services for households with different income levels in the regional context. Subject of the Study. The subject of the study is to investigate the important not so much economic as social problems in the housing sector, namely how to comply with the optimum balance between paying public utility services and actual costs of utilities providing relevant services to the population. The relative reduction in fees for housing services for the population due mainly to the modernization of the supply of these services. The authors focuse on one of the important directions of modernization — the introduction of resource-and energy-saving technologies in the field of housing. Purpose. Improving social and economic efficiency of housing and public utilities as a basis for improving housing policy.
housing utilities, economical and social efficiency, modernization, affordability, households, tenants.
Введение
Первостепенной задачей жилищно-коммунального хозяйства (ЖКХ) является удовлетворение интересов потребителей и обеспечение доступности коммунальных услуг всем слоям населения [Бурдяк, 2013, 15, с. 37–46; Заусаев, Шарко, Сафронов, 2013, 12, с. 85–91]. За последнее время подробно разработана проблематика теории финансовой устойчивости организаций ЖКХ и подходы к ее оценке [1], при этом недостаточное внимание уделяется вопросам социальной эффективности сферы жилищно-коммунальных услуг [Белозеров, Ващук, 2013, 16, с. 47–57].
Опыт развитых стран показывает, что рыночный и социальный подходы вполне можно совмещать [Кузнецова, 2013, 14, с. 58–60]. Так, в Германии по закону об арендуемом жилье арендодатели могут извлекать конкурентную прибыль, сдавая жилье внаем, при этом государством регулируется арендная плата, регламентируется техническое обслуживание домов, чем обеспечивается защищенность съемщиков жилья [2, р. 6–11]. Аналогично устроено арендное законодательство (Tenant Law) в Великобритании, Франции, Дании, Швеции и ряде других стран [3, 4]. Перемены в обществе, касающиеся возросших потребностей домохозяйств в мобильности, внедрения энерго- и ресурсосберегающих технологий в жилищном секторе, вызвали необходимость усиления социальной направленности арендного законодательства, несмотря на постепенную его либерализацию [5, р. 217–233].
1. Kameneva E.A. at al. Finansovaia ustoichivost organizatsij: teoria i podhodi k otsenke (na primere ZhKH) [Financial stability of organizations: theory and approaches to the estimation. The Case of Communal Utilities Sphere)]. Moscow, Nauchnye tekhnologii Publ., 2013. 165 pages. (in Russian)
2. Schmid C. (2009). Co-ordination problems between European and national private law: a Scenario to be avoided in the Europeanisation of Tenancy Law. Available at: http://www.eui.eu/Documents/DepartmentsCentres/Law/ResearchTeaching/ResearchThemes/EuropeanPrivateLaw/TenancyLawProject/CoordinationProblemsSchmid.pdf (accessed: 09 June 2014).
3. Kemp P. (2004), Private Renting In Transition. Coventry, Chartered Institute of Housing.
4. Stephens M. et al (2005), Lessons from the past, challenges for the future for housing policy: An evaluation of English Housing Policy 1975-2000. London, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister.
5. Haffner M. et al (2008). Rent Regulation: The Balance between Private Landlords and Tenants in Six European Countries. European Journal of Housing Policy, 8 (2). P. 217-233.
6. Official Rosstat website. Available at: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/ population/jil-f/jkh48.htm. (accessed 17 Januar 2014).
7. Zhilishnoie khozaistvo v Rossii. 2013 [Housing in Russia. 2013]. Rosstat. Moscow, 2013. (in Russian)
8. Pay services to the population in Russia. 2013. Rosstat. Moscow, 2013. (in Russian)
9. Incomes, Expenditures and Consumptions of Households in 2012. Rosstat. Moscow, 2013. (in Russian)
10. Energetika i ZhKH website. Available at: http://ejnews.ru/politica/ 2013/04/15/Slyunyaev_nazval_rossiyskie_regionyidonoryi_11291 (accessed 19 Januar 2014). 11. Nayden S.N. Household spending on housing maintenance and utilities: spatial differentiation in the Far East. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 1 (179), pр. 108-114. (in Russian)
11.
12. Zausaev V.K. Sharko E.E. Safronov M. G. Problems and mechanisms to improve housing affordability in the Khabarovsk Krai. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 2 (180), pр. 85-91. (in Russian)
13. Pryikina L. V., Bezborodova O.A. Forms of participation of municipal budgets in increasing household incomes. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 4 (182), pр. 129-137. (in Russian)
14. Kuznetsova A. P. Legislation and privatization of apartment houses one owner. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 12 (190), pр. 58-60. (in Russian)
15. Burdyak A. Ya. I nequalities in housing provision as a key factor in the inequality level and quality of life in the city. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 12 (190), pр. 37-46. (in Russian)
16. Belozyorov S.A. , Vaschuk A.E. M odernization of the housing sector as a factor in improving the living standards of the population of Russia. Uroven zhizni naseleniya regionov Rossii [The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia]. 2013, I. 12 (190), pр. 47-57. (in Russian)
