The level and dynamics of monetary incomes of the Tverskaya Oblast’, income differentiation and the problem of poverty in relation to the assessment of the dynamics and structure of consumer spending, including food expenditure are considered. Object of the Study: cash income and consumer spending, including spending on food of the population of one of the Russian regions — the Tverskaya Oblast’. Subject of the Study: the problem of economic access to food in relation to the problems of poverty and high income differentiation of the population in the context of solving the problem of food security in the region under studied. The Theoretical Part: Affordability of food to the population — a component of food security of the country and its regions. It reflects the distribution of available food on the market between different population groups in money income. Ways of increasing economic access to food — scaling up the food market and food supply; state control of rising food prices; implementation of the policy of increasing incomes of the population and poverty reduction. The Empirical Part: the study is based on official statistics data in the Tverskaya Oblast’ for 2005–2012. There was a trend to an increase in nominal and real incomes of the region, but the average per capita income is lower than in neighbouring areas, the national average and the CFA. The positive fact is that incomes are growing at a faster pace than expenses. The poverty rate in comparison with other subjects of the CFA is higher (11.4%); it had virtually no effect of the overall income growth in recent years. The level of differentiation of the region’s population income is very high and stands at the same level for a long time; that leads to inefficient allocation of resources and social tensions. The Gini coefficient in 2012 was equal to 0.366 (threshold 0.400), the coefficient of funds — 11.2 (recommended value 8–10). In the structure of consumer spending share of food expenditure in 2012 was about 35% (6% higher than the average in the Central Federal District and higher than the national average 9%). Russia, in its turn, occupies only the 29th place by this indicator in Europe, thus indicating a high proportion of expenditure on food. Estimated minimum level of income per capita, providing the full scope of affordability of food, with the share of the cost of its acquisition of no more than 35%, is equal to 12,600 rubles, which is twice higher than the subsistence minimum. On the basis of this calculation, it was concluded that there have been serious problems with economic access to food for 44.1% of the population. Purpose: Forming a complex pattern of depth and magnitude of the problem of availability of food to the population of the region studied by calculating the minimum level of income per capita, providing affordability of the total volume of food with prevailing share of the cost of its acquisition in the region.
monetary incomes of the population, differentiation of the population, poverty, consumption, expenditure on food, economic accessibility of food.
Введение
Обеспечение населения продуктами питания в достаточном количестве, ассортименте и качестве является одной из важнейших проблем, решение которой способствует сохранению здоровья населения и повышению демографического потенциала, снижает социальную напряженность [Бобков, 2013, 19, с. 3–18]. Уровень обеспечения продовольствием зависит от состояния продовольственной безопасности, являющейся составной частью экономической безопасности как страны в целом, так и ее отдельных регионов [Бобков, 2013, 18. С. 3–6].
В связи с тем что регионы России сильно дифференцированы по природно-географическим, экономическим, демографическим, социальным и другим признакам, проблема продовольственной безопасности страны носит сложный системный характер и требует регионального подхода к управлению агропродовольственным производством, решению вопросов в социальной сфере и к разработке механизма, направленного на решение данной проблемы [Крылова, Симакина, 2013, 17, с. 62–67].
Изучению проблемы продовольственной безопасности посвящены работы многих отечественных и зарубежных ученых [Гумеров, 2006, 4], [Зинчук, 2012, 5], [Костусенко, 2009, 6], [Романюк, 2014, 11], [Чернова, 2008, 13], [Анищенко, 2013, 3], [Grote, 2014, 15], [Headey, Ecker, 2013, 16] и др.
Меньшее число работ связано с исследованием физической и экономической доступности продовольствия для населения [Алтухов, 2009, 2], [Попова, 2013, 8], [Шибаршина, 2013, 14], [Моронова, 2012, 7], [Рассадин, Лихтенвальд, 2013, 28, с. 122–128], [Строков, 2013, 27, с. 91–101]. Вместе в тем современное усложнение условий развития российской экономики, возрастающая инфляция и ослабевание национальной валюты, сохраняющаяся высокая зависимость от поставок импортного продовольствия выводят обеспечение экономической доступности продовольствия в число приоритетных задач социально-экономической политики органов власти.
Под экономической доступностью продовольствия понимается возможность приобретения пищевых продуктов по сложившимся ценам в объемах и ассортименте, которые не меньше установленных рациональных норм потребления, обеспеченная соответствующим уровнем дохода населения [1].
Поэтому повышение экономической доступности продовольствия теснейшим образом связано с увеличением денежных доходов населения и преодолением бедности [Найден, Мотрич, Грицко, 2014, 30, с. 76–85], [Дмитриев, Мисихина, 2013, 29, с. 11–27]. Низкий доход человека или семьи не позволяет покупать продовольствие в необходимом объеме и ассортименте, что сказывается на качестве и структуре потребления.
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