Object. Sociocultural tradition, lifestyle, lifestyle of the Cossacks established in history and formed during regeneration. Subject of the Study. Historical and sociological problems of the ethnogenesis of the Cossacks. Processes of institutionalization, group integration and subcultural development of the Don Cossacks as the most representative of the Russian Cossack community. The Main Hypothesis. Cossacks as a hierarchically organized community with a stable culture of collective action in the process of regeneration, should be a more integrated part of society, capable of self-organization and self-management. Main Problems: sovereignty of the Cossacks, generation gap and traditions, loss of the central structure in lifestyles, social exclusion, social status strain, lifestyle and lifestyle strain tradition inversion of sociocultural meanings in reviving (primary and secondary, higher and lower, internal and external), cultural assimilation, coagulation values. Secondary Problems. Identity problem of the Cossacks. Subidentification elements. Sociocultural bases of identity. Russiancentre and Cossackcentre ethnicities. Sociocultural types of the present-day Cossacks. Purpose. Systematic identification of groups of problems that characterize the deviation of the process of the current revival of the Cossacks from the historical sociocultural sample to develop a corrective strategy.
ethnogenesis, the Cossack people, the Cossack class, institutionalization, incorporation, a collective institution two-class nature, sociocultural barriers.
1. Актуальность
Историческое развитие казачества охватывает шесть веков. Наиболее развитые формы казачества сложились в XVII–XIX вв. Зенитом развития оказался конец XIX — начало ХХ в. Казачество территориально распространилось от юга России до пределов Урала, Западной и Восточной Сибири. В ходе исторической институциализации оно восприняло важные государственные функции, что выразилось в формировании казачьих округов и республик.
Казачество имеет яркие особенности исторического этногенеза, уникальную организацию образа и стиля жизни. Среди многих народов России за казачеством закрепились особые функции по отношению к государству, православной вере, Отечеству и гражданскому обществу. В силу этих особых функций казачий народ единственный из народов не только России, но и мира, стал сложным социальным институтом, инкорпорированным в основные институты государства и гражданского общества. В административно-территориальном аспекте казачество имеет две особенности: приграничное размещение и анклавнокомпактную обособленность (11 казачьих войск-обществ от Белоруссии и Украины до Сибири и Дальнего Востока). С момента зарождения казачество сохраняло свободу автономии, специфические формы собственной государственности и первоначально строило свои отношения с Россией как межгосударственные (Посольский приказ). В дальнейшем обрело сословный, а затем двухсословный (казачье дворянство) статус и особые социально-экономические привилегии. Во все периоды оно обнаруживало способность к эффективной самоорганизации и самоуправлению.
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