Michigan, United States of America
Michigan, United States of America
Michigan, United States of America
Michigan, United States of America
Microwave testing of dielectric materials has recently become an increasingly important field. Dielectric materials such as composites are preferred over metallic counterparts, due to their light weight and superior strength. Because of the exponential growth in the use of such materials, a reliable method for testing is vital. This paper presents a novel microwave imaging system for the nondestructive detection of anomalies in dielectric materials. The system utilizes an active beam steering array that scans a wide circular sector of 150° where dielectric targets are positioned. The scattered field, measured on the arc of the sector, was used for image reconstruction and discontinuity detection by means of time reversal signal processing. Two types of anomalies are considered in the paper: discontinuities and metallic impurities. Experimental results of detecting these anomalies within dielectric samples are presented.
microwave testing, microwave imaging, antenna arrays, beam steering, time reversal signal processing
1. Bindu, G., A. Lonappan, V. Thomas, C.K. Anandan, and K.T. Mathew, “Active Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 58, 2006, pp. 149-169.
2. Caorsi, S., A. Massa, A. Pastorino, and M. Donelli, “Improved Microwave Imaging Procedure for Nondestructive Evaluations of Two-dimensional Structures,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 52, No. 6, 2004, pp. 1386-1397.
3. Meaney, P.M., “Microwave Imaging and Emerging Applications,” International Journal of Biomedical Imaging, Vol. 2012, 2012, pp. 1-2.
4. Qaddoumi, N., S. Ganchev, R. Zoughi, and G. Carriveau, “Microwave Imaging of Thick Composite Panels with Defects,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 53, No. 8, 1995, pp. 926-929.
5. Tayebi, A., P. Roy Paladhi, L. Udpa, and S. Udpa, “A Novel Time Reversal Based Microwave Imaging System,” Progress In Electromagnetic Research C, Vol. 62, 2016, pp. 139-147.
6. Lai, J.C.Y., C.B. Soh, E. Gunawan, and K.S. Low, “UWB Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection - Experiments with Heterogeneous Breast Phantoms,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 16, 2011, pp. 19-29.
7. Meaney, P.M., M.W. Fanning, D. Li, S.P. Poplack, and K.D. Paulsen, “A Clinical Prototype for Active Microwave Imaging of the Breast,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 48, No. 11, 2000, pp. 1841-1853.
8. Qaddoumi, N., T. Bigelow, R. Zoughi, L. Brown, and M. Novack, “Reduction of Sensitivity to Surface Roughness and Slight Standoff Distance Variations in Microwave Testing of Thick Composite Structures,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2002, pp. 165-170.
9. Zoughi, R., J. Lai, and K. Munoz, “A Brief Review of Microwave Testing of Stratified Structures: a Comparison Between Plane Wave and Near Field Approaches,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2002, pp. 171-177
10. Gilmore, C., A. Zakaria, S. Pistorius, and J. LoVetri, “Microwave Imaging of Human Forearms: Pilot Study and Image Enhancement,” International Journal of Biomedical Imaging, Vol. 2013, No. 673027, 2013.
11. Ostadrahimi, M., P. Mojtabai, S. Noghanian, J. LoVetri, and L. Shafai, “A Multiprobe-per-collector Modulated Scatterer Technique for Microwave Tomography,” IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 10, 2011, pp. 1445-1448.
12. Tayebi, A., J. Tang, P. Roy Paladhi, L. Udpa, S. Udpa, and E.J. Rothwell, “Dynamic Beam Shaping using a Dual-band Electronically Tunable Reflectarray Antenna,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, No. 10, 2015, pp. 4534-4539.
13. Tayebi, A., J. Tang, P. Roy Paladhi, L. Udpa, and S. Udpa, “Design and Development of an Electrically-controlled Beam Steering Mirror for Microwave Tomography,” 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 1650, No. 1, 2015, pp. 501-508.
14. Yavuz, M.A., and F.L. Teixeira “Ultrawideband Microwave Sensing and Imaging Using Time-reversal Techniques: A Review,” Remote Sensing, Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 466-495.
15. Born, M., and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light, fourth edition, Academic Press, New York, New York, 1970.
16. Peichl, M., T. Albers, and S. Dill, “Detection of Small Impurities in Bulk Material by MMW Radar,” 16th International Radar Symposium, Dresden, Germany, 24-26 June 2015, pp. 294-299.
17. Paladhi, P.R., A.K. Sinha, A. Tayebi, L. Udpa, and S. Udpa, “Improved Backpropagation Algorithm by Exploiting Data Redundancy in Limitedangle Diffraction Tomography,” Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 66, 2016, pp. 1-13.
