Russian Federation
The paper concerns an outstanding milestone date for the national history and culture, key for further development of spiritual and moral ideals of the Russian public life and statehood — in 2014 the memory of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh is celebrated. The Blessed Sergius, the Hegumen of Radonezh is an outstanding hermit, whose devoted ministry contributed to consolidating patriotic forces and emerging the unified Russian nation. Among his deeds are foundation of unique spiritual school, monastery culture reformation and establishing the actual foundation for publicly significant social and moral service of the Russian orthodox self-sacrifice. The paper presents and considers evidences, proving the high spiritual and historic and cultural significance of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, founded by the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh. This monastery had become the first sanctuary of Moscow and an inspirational model for other convents under construction in that period. Yet within the lifetime of Venerable Sergius of Radonezh the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius due to the devoted efforts of his disciples, had become the archetype of religious enlightenment, ecclesiastic ministry, Motherland defense and charity for many emerging monasteries. «Northern Fivaida», the community of orthodox monasteries, had embraces the whole North of Russia with its network, encouraging it to gravitate to Moscow as the unified center. It was under the reign of Ivan Kalita and in the lifetime of the Venerable Sergius’s that Moscow got the high stand over other Russian cities after metropolitan Peter had left the town of Vladimir for Moscow. Moscow began to accumulate power and influence as the force, capable to unite separate Russian territories and put an end to violent internecine feuds. Meanwhile, Moscow was increasingly bolstering its posture as an administrative, political, spiritual and cultural center for the Russian statehood.
Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Orthodox culture, spiritual and public ministry, monasteries, ascetic self-sacrifice, cenobitic reform, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, spiritual school, Russian sanctity.
В эпоху преподобного Сергия происходило широкомасштабное духовно-просветительское преобразование и освоение новых территорий на севере и северо-востоке русских земель. В данной связи считаем целесообразным дать краткое описание историко-культурного контекста государственного служения поистине золотой эпохи русского богословия, святости и духовного подъема русского национального самосознания.
Начавшийся со второй половины XIV и продолженный в XV столетии период обособления и самостоятельного развития Русской православной церкви ознаменован особым расцветом монашества и самобытным характером формирования православно-аскетической культуры. Отмечая симптоматичность отличия монашеского возрождения московского периода от иноческих традиций киевской эпохи, следует упомянуть о значительных идеологических и морально-этических трудностях в социальном служении монастырей и православной культуры в целом, возникших во время монгольского владычества. По мнению профессора Д.В. Поспеловского, в эпоху татарского ига уважаемые завоевателями епископы выполняли миссию сдерживающих посредников между татарами и Русью. Такое положение неизбежно порождало необходимость лицемерия, дипломатических маневров и нравственных компромиссов, что мало соответствовало монашескому служению. Желая удалиться от подобных искушений и двойственного поведения, характерного для земного государства, подвижники постепенно начинают создавать монастыри вдалеке от городов, продвигаясь в дремучие леса севера и северо-востока [1, с. 12].
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