employee
Russian Federation
The article discusses criminalization trends in the Russian criminal law of the institute of bribe offering and promising. Analyzing the rules on liability for bribery in the criminal law in mid XIX — early XX centuries, the author comes to the conclusion about historical conditionality of the review of legislative approaches to enshrine in the Russian Criminal Code the institute of bribe offering and promising in favor of recommendations of anticorruption standards. The study attempts to justify the possibility of introducing criminal liability for bribery not only in articles 290, 291 of the Russian Criminal Code, but also in other articles of the Code, that include giving and accepting any material wealth or other benefits as a criminal-forming characteristic (for example, in Articles 201—204, 285—286, 309). Thus, this article raises the issue of presence of a set of special hybrid rules in the Russian Criminal Code, forming part of the institute of criminal liability for offering and promising certain benefits. The author identifies and confirms by modern case studies three models of criminalization of bribe offering and promising or abuse of powers and recognizing them completed at an earlier or later stage of criminal activity.
Bribery in the public sector, bribe offer, promise of bribe, extortion, bribery in the private sector, model of criminal rules, institution of criminal liability.
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