from 01.10.2008 until now
Russian Federation
Designing of surfaces attracted many experts in the field of applied geometry. However, there was paid quite little attention to the formation of the surfaces of side slopes of embankments and excavations, probably due to the belief that there was done possible and there is nothing more to consider. The problem was that the question of the side slopes from put or taken out ground coat was discussed in the all textbooks for the builders while occupying a very small number of pages and the tasks in these textbooks were on the one hand simple, on the other – completed. Unfortunately, these tasks’ solutions have one and the same defect: the lack of a systematic approach to the study of the slopes’ formation, and therefore this unfortunate mistake at the corners of building areas, which could not (and unfortunately) can´t see the developers of modern textbooks for builders and architects. This work is characterized by the presence of the system approach, which eliminates any mistakes in training and in operation of excavation. In this work the author gives the information on the building of slopes with filled soil for ground work. All the necessary for correct image in the drawing examples are given. As follows from the analysis the image of slopes of embankments in projections with numerical marks is identical to the image of excavations, only with a different sign of a numeric mark. Special attention was paid to the construction of embankments’ slopes and excavations on the corners of buildings, because all the modern textbooks contain annoying mistakes.
descriptive geometry, the formation of surfaces, image surfaces in the drawing, projections with numerical marks.
Конструирование поверхностей привлекало многих специалистов [2–4; 6; 13; 15; 16; 18; 20–22; 24] в области прикладной геометрии.
Однако формированию поверхностей откосов насыпей и выемок уделялось совершенно мало внимания, видимо, из-за убежденности в том, что тут сделано все возможное [1; 5; 7–12; 14; 17; 23] и дальше рассматривать просто нечего. Дело скорее всего было в том, что откосы из насыпаемого или вынимаемого грунта рассматривались во всех учебниках для строителей, занимая при этом очень малое количество страниц, и задачи в этих учебниках были, с одной стороны, простыми, а с другой, как бы окончательно и однозначно решенными. К сожалению, решения этих задач имеют один и тот же недостаток: отсутствие системного подхода к рассмотрению формирования откосов, а отсюда — та досадная ошибка на углах строительных площадок, которую не могли и, к большому сожалению, не могут увидеть разработчики современных учебников для строителей и архитекторов. Об этой ошибке поговорим чуть позже, а сейчас приведем тот самый системный подход, который полностью исключает любые промахи в обучении и производстве земляных работ.
Характерны в этом случае данные табл. 1, показывающие, сколько в абсолютном и процентном отношении занимает глава о числовых отметках в том или ином учебнике. Учебники представлены для строителей и архитекторов.
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