Bauman Moscow State Technical University (professor)
Moscow, Russian Federation
In modern philosophy and methodology of science, there are four paradigms of the nature of scientific knowledge: materialistic, empiricist (positivist), rationalist (a priori) and constructivist. According to the first paradigm, scientific knowledge is the most complete and accurate "reflection" of objective reality by consciousness. According to the second theory, scientific knowledge is empirical knowledge of any degree of generality, obtained through experience (data from observation and experiment) and verified by it. According to the a priori concept, scientific knowledge and its results are the "unpacking" of consciousness with the help of intuition and logic of some inherent content, independent of empirical research. The immanent a priori knowledge inherent in consciousness precedes empirical knowledge and is the basis for the organization and interpretation of experience. The constructivist paradigm asserts that the real process of scientific cognition is the activity of consciousness in designing and creating different types of scientific reality and their evidence-based description. There are four main types of scientific reality: sensory, empirical, theoretical, and metatheoretical. The main requirement for the content of scientific reality is its certainty and accuracy, because its main function is to be a reference reality, including when compared with objective reality to determine the degree of their identity and difference. The correct assessment of this degree is a determining factor for successful practical work. An analysis of the history of science and its current state indicates that the constructivist paradigm of scientific cognition is most relevant to the real process of scientific cognition and its methodology.
science, scientific knowledge, objective reality, scientific reality, methodology of science, practice
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