Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта РАН
Геофизический Центр РАН
Москва, Россия
Предлагаемый впервые в отечественной научной литературе обзор посвящен различным аспектам проблемы воздействия космической погоды (КП) на наземные технологические системы. Особое внимание уделено нарушениям в работе линий электропередач (ЛЭП), железнодорожной автоматики и трубопроводов, вызванным геоиндуцированными токами (ГИТ) при возмущениях геомагнитного поля. В обзоре даны сведения об основных характеристиках вариабельности геомагнитного поля и быстрых вариациях поля при различных проявлениях КП. Излагаются основы моделирования возмущений геоэлектрического поля, основанные на алгоритмах магнитотеллурического зондирования. Рассмотрены подходы к оценке возможных экстремальных величин ГИТ. Собраны сведения об экономических эффектах КП и ГИТ. Рассказано о современном состоянии и перспективах прогноза КП, а также об оценке риска для технологических систем при воздействии ГИТ. Следует подчеркнуть, что хотя в космической геофизике активно разрабатываются различные модели предсказания интенсивности магнитных бурь и вызванных ими геомагнитных возмущений по наблюдениям межпланетной среды, эти модели не могут быть непосредственно применены для предсказания интенсивности и положения ГИТ, так как описание вариабельности геомагнитного поля требует разработки отдельных моделей. Выявление тонкой структуры быстрых геомагнитных вариаций во время бурь и суббурь и вызываемых ими всплесков ГИТ оказалось важным не только с практической точки зрения, но и для развития фундаментальных представлений о динамике околоземного космического пространства (ОКП). В отличие от узкоспециальных работ по геофизическим аспектам вариаций геомагнитного поля и инженерным аспектам воздействия ГИТ на работу промышленных трансформаторов обзор рассчитан на более широкую научно-техническую аудиторию, без потери научного уровня изложения. Иными словами, геофизическая часть написана для инженеров-энергетиков, а инженерная — для геофизиков. Несмотря на явную прикладную направленность рассматриваемых исследований, эти работы не сводятся к чисто инженерному применению результатов космической геофизики для расчета возможных рисков для технологических систем, а ставят и ряд принципиальных научных проблем.
космическая погода, геоиндуцированные токи, линии электропередач, трансформаторы, трубопроводы, железнодорожная автоматика, магнитосферные бури, суббури, Pi3/Ps6 пульсации
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