DISCRIMINATION OF THE RUSSIAN-SPEAKING ETHNIC GROUP IN LATVIA ON THE BASIS OF CITIZENSHIP: POLITICAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS
Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
Abstract Throughout the entire post-Soviet period in Latvia, there has been a problem of finding the Russian-speaking population in the status of non-citizens with limited rights, including political ones. Currently, restrictions have also extended to Russian citizens with a residence permit in Latvia. The study is based on the case study method. Statistical data on the ethnic composition of the country's population are analyzed. Regulatory acts indicating restrictive mechanisms against non-citizens, as amended in 2022 and 2023, are being considered. Using the method of comparative studies, national legislation and legal regulations of the European Union (international standards) in the field of protection of human and civil rights and freedoms are compared. The results of the study show that the entire Russian–speaking population of Latvia is discriminated against, especially the most vulnerable - pensioners, for whom the new rules for obtaining a residence permit are a problem. This may threaten them with the loss of social security, up to and including forced expulsion from the country. The Russian-speaking population in Latvia cannot influence their own position in the country due to the lack of political rights. Throughout the entire period of independence, the Latvian government has been using this group of the population in its own political agenda, ensuring the legitimacy of its own power and decisions. Such internal political processes contribute to the division of society along ethnic lines and the development of discriminatory attitudes. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the systematization of the mechanism of discrimination against a certain group of the population. In turn, the practical significance lies, on the one hand, in drawing the attention of human rights organizations to the problem of discrimination, and on the other hand, it clearly shows the essence of the mechanism of discrimination and ways to improve it in states in the post-Soviet space. Consequently, the results of the study can be applied to the development of mechanisms for the protection of compatriots in other states where discrimination trends are at an early stage.

Keywords:
non-citizens of Latvia, Russian citizens, political rights, residence permit, division of society, language policy, European Union, human rights
Text
Publication text (PDF): Read Download
References

1. Vayshlya, S. Konflikt interpretatsiy latgal'skoy etnopoliticheskoy identichnosti v sovremennom latviyskom obshchestve / S. Vayshlya // Politicheskaya ekspertiza: POLITEKS. - 2020. - T. 16, № 3. - S. 329-339. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.21638/spbu23.2020.302. - EDN RDEHBJ. (In Russ).

2. Volkov, V. V. Sovremennoye sostoyaniye mezhetnicheskoy kommunikatsii v Latvii i Estonii // Sotsiologicheskiye issledovaniya. - 2019. - № 2. - S. 59-67. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250004008-1. - EDN ZAMOFV. (In Russ).

3. Dolzhenkova, Ye. Krizisy XXI V. I ikh vliyaniye na demokratii / Ye. Dolzhenkova // Aktual'nyye problemy nauki i praktiki. - 2021. - № 1. - S. 12-15. - EDN PGWZHP. (In Russ).

4. Dolzhenkova, Ye. Polozheniye russkoyazychnogo naseleniya vo vneshney politike Latviyskoy Respubliki : spetsial'nost' 23.00.04 "Politicheskiye problemy mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy, global'nogo i regional'nogo razvitiya" : dissertatsiya na soiskaniye uchenoy stepeni kandidata politicheskikh nauk / Dolzhenkova Yekaterina, 2019. - 526 s. - EDN ACONQM. (In Russ).

5. Nezavisimyye eksperty OON: zakon, ogranichivayushchiy obucheniye na yazykakh men'shinstv v Latvii, protivorechit mezhdunarodnym standartam. OON // URL: https://news.un.org/ru/story/2023/02/1437427 [Accessed: 11.12.2023]. (In Russ).

6. Ramochnaya konventsiya o zashchite natsional'nykh men'shinstv. Council of Europe // URL: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://rm.coe.int/168007cddc [Accessed: 11.12.2023]. (In Russ).

7. Rone, S. Neobkhodimost' gumanizma v aspekte razvitiya demokratii i grazhdanstva v Latvii / S. Rone, M. Vidnere // Uchitel' i vremya. - 2021. - № 16. - S. 90-102. - EDN LHQKNV. (In Russ).

8. Ryabichenko, T. A. Mnozhestvennyye identichnosti, akkul'turatsiya i adaptatsiya russkikh v Latvii i Gruzii / T. A. Ryabichenko, N. M. Lebedeva, I. D. Plotka // Kul'turno-istoricheskaya psikhologiya. - 2019. - T. 15, № 2. - S. 54-64. - DOIhttps://doi.org/10.17759/chp.2019150206. - EDN UTIDXW. (In Russ).

9. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 17.06.2008 N 977 (red. ot 05.04.2017) «O poryadke v"yezda v Rossiyskuyu Federatsiyu i vyyezda iz Rossiyskoy Federatsii lits bez grazhdanstva, prozhivayushchikh v Latviyskoy Respublike ili Estonskoy Respublike» // URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_77776/ [Accessed: 11.12.2023]. (In Russ).

10. Shibayeva, Ye. I. Ischezayushchaya Pribaltika: demograficheskaya situatsiya v Latvii, Litve i Estonii / Ye. I. Shibayeva // Postsovetskiy materik. - 2019. - № 4(24). - S. 41-54. - EDN ZQSUGX.

11. 3600 Krievijas pilsoņiem būs jāpamet Latvija, vēsta raidījums. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55950108/3600-krievijas-pilsoniem-bus-japamet-latvija-vesta-raidijums [Accessed: 11.12.2023]. (In Russ).

12. Eurostat // URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

13. Foreign-born people and their descendants - main characteristic. Eurostat Statistic Explained // URL: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Foreign-born_people_and_their_descendants_-_main_characteristics#Overview_by_migration_status [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

14. Iedzīvotāji pēc dzimuma, tautības, valstiskās piederības un pa galvenajām vecuma grupām reģionos un valstspilsētās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā) 2021 - 2023. Oficiālās statistikas portals DATUBĀZE // URL: https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE091 [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

15. Iedzīvotāji pēc dzimuma, tautības, valstiskās piederības un pa galvenajām vecuma grupām reģionos un valstspilsētās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā) 2021 - 2023. Oficiālās statistikas portals DATUBĀZE // URL: https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE091/table/tableViewLayout1/ [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

16. Iedzīvotāji pēc tautības gada sākumā - Tautība un Laika periods. Oficiālās statistikas portals DATUBĀZE // URL: https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/ [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

17. Imigrācijas likums. Likumi.lv // URL: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/68522-imigracijas-likums [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

18. Latviešu valodas pārbaudi nav nokārtojusi lielākā daļa Krievijas pilsoņu. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55914436/latviesu-valodas-parbaudi-nav-nokartojusi-lielaka-dala-krievijas-pilsonu [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

19. Laulību skaits pēc laulāto tautības 1970 - 2022. Oficiālās statistikas portals DATUBĀZE // URL: https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IL__ILN/ILN050 [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

20. Noteikumi par valsts valodas zināšanu apjomu, valsts valodas prasmes pārbaudes kārtību un valsts nodevu par valsts valodas prasmes pārbaudi. Likumi.lv // URL: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/330669-noteikumi-par-valsts-valodas-zinasanu-apjomu-valsts-valodas-prasmes-parbaudes-kartibu-un-valsts-nodevu-par-valsts-valodas-prasmes-parbaudi [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

21. Oficiālās statistikas portals // URL: https://stat.gov.lv/lv/statistikas-temas/iedzivotaji/migracija?themes=122#tabulas [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

22. Par Eiropas Savienības pastāvīgā iedzīvotāja status Latvijas Republikā. Likumi.lv // URL: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/139372-par-eiropas-savienibas-pastaviga-iedzivotaja-statusu-latvijas-republika [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

23. Par Vispārējo konvenciju par nacionālo minoritāšu aizsardzību. Likumi LV // URL: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/109252-par-visparejo-konvenciju-par-nacionalo-minoritasu-aizsardzibu [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

24. Pilsonības likums. Likumi lv // URL: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/57512-pilsonibas-likums [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

25. PMLP: aicinās pamest valsti Krievijas pilsoņus, kuri nēbus centušies pagarināt uzturēšanās atļaujas. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55887212/pmlp-aicinas-pamest-valsti-krievijas-pilsonus-kuri-nebus-centusies-pagarinat-uzturesanas-atlaujas [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

26. Saeima konceptuāli piekrīt dot laiku Krievijas pilsoņiem apgūt valsts valodu. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55922438/saeima-konceptuali-piekrit-dot-laiku-krievijas-pilsoniem-apgut-valsts-valodu [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

27. Ušakovs prasa ES pastāvīgā iedzīvotāja statusu Latvijas iemītniekiem - Krievijas pilsoņiem. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55646892/usakovs-prasa-es-pastaviga-iedzivotaja-statusu-latvijas-iemitniekiem-krievijas-pilsoniem [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

28. Valodas eksāmenu nenokārtojušajiem Krievijas pilsoņiem tas jānokārto divu gadu laikā. Delfi.lv // URL: https://www.delfi.lv/193/politics/55955396/valodas-eksamenu-nenokartojusajiem-krievijas-pilsoniem-tas-janokarto-divu-gadu-laika [Accessed: 11.12.2023].

Login or Create
* Forgot password?