THE MODERN CONCEPT OF USING RADIATION THERAPY FOR CANCER OF THE ORAL CAVITY AND THE OROPHARYNGEAL AREA
Rubrics: REVIEW
Abstract and keywords
Abstract (English):
In the world, there is a rise of cancer incidence, including cancer of the head and neck. The incidence cancer of the head and neck is 4.8 cases per 100 000 population. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are the most frequently forms cancer of the head and neck – 4,8–27 % of all cancer with this location. Among the causes of oral and oropharyngeal cancer noted alcohol abuse, tobacco and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV-16). Mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer is on 8 rank among patients with all tumors. Now when deciding about treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer is applied a new classification АJCC8th, the main differences from the previous version are the inclusion of data on the depth of tumor invasion and the presence of extranodal growth of lymphogenic metastasis. The chemoradiotherapy to a total dose 60–74 Gy is the most common treatment used in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. When planning irradiation, both the tumor itself (or its residual component) and lymphogenic metastases or lymph nodes with a high risk of metastatic lesions are included in the target volume. The most commonly used chemotherapy drug is cisplatin. The duration of life of patients is significantly influenced by the stage of the tumor process. So 5-year relapse-free survival among patients with oral cancer is 91 % at T1–2, 83 % – at T3 and 12 % – at T4. During the first 5 years after completion of treatment, the probability of locoregional recurrence in patients with oropharyngeal cancer is much shorter in infected HPV-16 – 28.9 % and 54.9 %, respectively. The effective multimodal treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer can be only if the evaluation of the tumor process under the current classification, comply with the requirements of treatment standards and clinical guidelines as well as take into account the latest achievements of the relevant field of medical science.

Keywords:
oral cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, new classification, radiation therapy, local relapse, life expectancy
Text

Введение
В мире отмечается неуклонный рост онкозаболеваемости, в том числе раком головы и шеи (РГиШ), составляющего 2,2–10 % от общего числа ежегодно выявляемых опухолей и занимающего шестое место в ряду онкозаболеваемости [1]. Уровень заболеваемости РГиШ в среднем составляет 4,8 случая на 100 тыс. населения [2]. 
Ежегодно в мире выявляется 48 330 новых случаев РГиШ. Наиболее часто РГиШ диагностируется в азиатских странах – Индии, Шри-Ланке и Пакистане. В Европе РГиШ часто выявляется во Франции, Венгрии, Словакии и Словении [3]. В США с 1988 по 2004 гг. число ежегодно регистрируемых случаев рака выше указанной локализации возросло на 225 % [4]. 
 

References

1. Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015 Mar; 65(2):87-108. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21262.

2. Taziki MH, Fazel A, Salamat F, Sedaghat SM, Ashaari M, Poustchi H, et al. Epidemiology of Head and Neck Cancers in Northern Iran: A 10-Year Trend Study From Golestan Province. Arch Iran Med. 2018 Sep 1;21(9):406-11.

3. Vigneswaran N, Williams MD. Epidemiologic trends in head and neck cancer and aids in diagnosis. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2014 May; 26(2):123-41. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2014.01.001.

4. Naghavi AO, Strom TJ, Ahmed KA, et al. Management of Oropharyngeal Cancer in the HPV Era. Cancer Control. 2016;23(3):197-207.

5. Kostev K, Lasrich M, Schüller L, Diogo I, Sesterhenn A, Jacob L. Diagnoses of suspected cancer in otolaryngology practices in Germany. Mol Clin Oncol. 2018 Oct; 9(4):459-63. DOI:https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1694.

6. Stanford-Moore G, Bradshaw PT, Weissler MC, Zevallos JP, Brennan P, Anantharaman D, et al. Interaction between known risk factors for head and neck cancer and socioeconomic status: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2018 Sep;29(9):863-73. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-018-1062-8.

7. Wong YF, Yusof MM, Wan Ishak WZ, Alip A, Phua VC. Treatment outcome for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in a developing country: University Malaya Medical Centre, Malaysia from 2003-2010. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(7):2903-8.

8. Subramaniam N, Thankappan K, Anand A, Balasubramanian D, Iyer S. Implementing American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition for head-and-neck cancer in India: Context, feasibility, and practicality. Indian J Cancer. 2018 Jan-Mar;55(1):4-8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijc.IJC_475_17.

9. Richardson PA, Kansara S3, Chen GG, Sabichi A, Sikora AG, Parke RB, et al. Treatment patterns in veterans with laryngeal and oropharyngeal cancer and impact on survival. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2018 Aug 9;3(4):275-82. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.170.

10. D’Cruz A, Lin T, Anand AK, Atmakusuma D, Calaguas MJ, Chitapanarux I, et al. Consensus recommendations for management of head and neck cancer in Asian countries: a review of international guidelines. Oral Oncol. 2013 Sep;49(9):872-7. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.05.010.

11. Zhu Y, Zhou C, He Q. Radiation therapy’s efficacy on tongue cancer: a population-based survival analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2018 Oct 23;11:7271-6. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S169231.

12. Pollom EL, Chin AL, Lee NY, Tsai CJ. Patterns of Care in Adjuvant Therapy for Resected Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Cancer in Elderly Patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Jul 15;98(4):758-66. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.01.224.

13. Subramaniam N, Balasubramanian D, Murthy S, Limbachiya S, Thankappan K, Iyer S. Adverse pathologic features in early oral squamous cell carcinoma and the role of postoperative radiotherapy-a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017 Jul;124(1):24-31. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2017.03.002.

14. Baxi SS, O’Neill C, Sherman EJ, Atoria CL, Lee NY, Pfister DG, Elkin EB. Trends in Chemoradiation Use in Elderly Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Changing treatment patterns with cetuximab. Head Neck. 2016 Apr; 38(Suppl 1): E165-E171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23961

15. Parsons JT, Mendenhall WM, Stringer SP, Amdur RJ, Hinerman RW, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx: surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Cancer. 2002 Jun 1;94(11):2967-80.

16. Moncharmont C, Vallard A, Guy JB, Prades JM, Rancoule C, Magné N. Real-life efficacy of volumetric modulated arc therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2017 May; 134(3):165-9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2016.12.005.

17. Spencer CR, Gay HA, Haughey BH, Nussenbaum B, Adkins DR, Wildes TM, et al. Eliminating radiotherapy to the contralateral retropharyngeal and high-level II lymph nodes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is safe and improves quality of life. Cancer. 2014 Dec 15;120(24):3994-4002. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.28938.

18. Mohamed ASR, Bahig H, Aristophanous M, Blanchard P, Kamal M, Ding Y, et al. Prospective in silico study of the feasibility and dosimetric advantages of MRI-guided dose adaptation for human papillomavirus positive oropharyngeal cancer patients compared with standard IMRT. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol. 2018 May 5;11:11-8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctro.2018.04.005.

19. Vivek RS, Baludavid M, Mohanram R, Chitra, Amanullah, Vijayalakshmi, et al. Concurrent chemo-irradiation using accelerated concomitant boost radiation therapy in loco-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. J Cancer Res Ther. 2006 Jul-Sep;2(3):90-6.

20. Gephardt BJ, Mendenhall CM, Morris CG, KirwanJ, McAfee WJ, Mendenhall WM. Radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue. Am J Clin Oncol. 2014:37(6):535-8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0b013e31827e5505.

21. Ang KK, Harris J, Garden AS, Trotti A, Jones CU, Carrascosa L, Cheng JD, Spencer SS, Forastiere A, Weber RS. Concomitant boost radiation plus concurrent cisplatin for advanced head and neck carcinomas: radiation therapy oncology group phase II trial 99-14. J Clin Oncol. 2005 May 1; 23(13):3008-15. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.12.060.

22. Spiotto MT, Jefferson G, Wenig B, Markiewicz M, Weichselbaum RR, Koshy M. Differences in survival with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy compared with definitive chemoradiotherapy for oral cavity cancer: A National Cancer Database Analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017 Jul 1;143(7):691-9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2017.0012.

23. Rosenthal DI, Mohamed ASR, Garden AS, Morrison WH, El-Naggar AK, Kamal M, et al. Final report of a prospective randomized trial to evaluate the dose-response relationship for postoperative radiation therapy and pathologic risk groups in patients with head and neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017;98(5):1002-11. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.02.218.

24. 24.O’steen L, Amdur RJ, Morris CG, Hitchcock KE, Mendenhall WM. Challenging the requirement to treat the contralateral neck in cases with >4 mm tumor thickness in patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue or floor of mouth. Am J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jan;42(1):89-91. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0000000000000480.

25. Muzumder S, Nirmala S, Avinash HU, Kainthaje PB, Sebastian MJ, Raj JM. Early competing deaths in locally advanced head-and-neck cancer. Indian J Palliat Care. 2018 Oct-Dec;24(4):446-50. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPC.IJPC_91_18. 26.

26. Powrózek T, Mlak R, Brzozowska A, Mazurek M, Gołębiowski P, Małecka-Massalska T. Relationship between TNF-α -1031T/C gene polymorphism, plasma level of TNF-α, and risk of cachexia in head and neck cancer patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2018;144(8):1423-34. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-018-2679-4.

Login or Create
* Forgot password?