Study of the human cortex morphology in norm and at the ischemia is due to the desire to identify common patterns and specific features of compensatory neural networks reorganization, seeking means of regulation of destructive and regenerative processes. The emergence of a large amount of information on the nervous tissue mor-phology is the need for increasing the accuracy of morphometric analysis. This requires an assessment of the overall methodological level of modern morphological studies of the human cortex. The authors analyzed the literature and their own data obtained from a morphological study of the human cortex. The main tendencies, current methodological issues and perspective directions of study the structural and functional state of neurons in norm and ischemia are presented. Great attention is paid to the immunohistochemical and morphometric methods of obtaining objective information. Currently there are methodological and methodical basis for further study of the human brain morphology. However, the total number of articles on the study of human brain morphology earned far less than the experimental works. For the fullest use of biopsy material is offered a comprehensive approach, including method of computer-aided analysis of images, immunohistochemistry, morphometry and statistical analysis.
individual, a cortex, cytoarchitectonic
Актуальность исследования структурно-функционального состояния различных отделов, полей, слоев и нейронов коры большого мозга человека в норме и при ишемии обусловлена стремлением выявления общих закономерностей и специфических особенностей пространственной реорганизации нейронных сетей, а также поиском средств регуляции деструктивных и компенсаторно-восстановительных процессов, лежащих в ее основе [18].
Очень важные знания о структурной основе (цито- и гистоархитектоники) функционирования и компенсаторно-восстановительной реорганизации КБМ человека после повреждения получены с помощью морфометрического анализа нейронных популяций после ишемии, травмы, при опухолях мозга на аутопсийном и биопсийном материале [11].
В настоящее время широко используются методы иммуногистохимической идентификации специфических нейрональных и глиальных белков, которые длительно сохраняются в нейронах в аутопсийном материале и после фиксации [21]. В этой связи необходимо обсудить ряд проблем, связанных с получением объективных данных при изучении мозга человека. Прежде всего, необходимо отметить, что появление большого объема информации о структуре нервной ткани сопряжено с потребностью увеличения точности морфометрического анализа клеток и межнейронных синапсов с помощью комплексного использования методов автоматизированного компьютерного анализа изображений, морфометрии и иммуногистохимии.
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