Irkutsk, Irkutsk region, Russian Federation
Irkutsk, Irkutsk region, Russian Federation
Lifestyle changes associated with reduced physical activity, increased caloric content of food and a steady increase in emotional stress load cause potentiation of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome combines hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and obesity. Primary systemic insulin resistance and concomitant systemic hyper-insulinemia underlie the pathology. Insulin resistance triggers a vicious cycle of symptoms that lead to the emergence of severe cardiovascular complications. Metabolic cascade can also be initiated by obesity, which in its turn predisposes to the development of hypertension and reduction of the sensitivity of peripheral insulin receptors with subsequent accumulation of excess body weight. Treatment of metabolic syndrome should be pathogenetically substantiated and include antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, anti-thrombotic drugs on the background of a rational diet and lifestyle changes.
metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases
1. AbdellatifAM, ShishovaTA (2015). Metabolic syn-drome and its effect on cardiovascular complications in patients with acute coronary syndrome [Metabolicheskiy sindrom i ego vliyanie na serdechno-sosudistye oslozh-neniya u bol’nykh, perenesshikh ostryy koronarnyy sindrom]. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya, (1) chast’ 1, 1346.
2. GurgenyanSV, VatinyanSK. ZelveyanPA (2014). Pathophysiological aspects of arterial hypertension in metabolic syndrome [Patofiziologicheskie aspekty arterial’noy gipertonii pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv, 86 (8), 128-132.
3. DontsovA, VasilyevaL (2014). Gender anthropomet-ric and hormonal features in the metabolic syndrome [Gendernye antropometricheskie i gormonal’nye osoben-nosti pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Vrach, (7), 72-74.
4. DruzhilovMA, DruzhilovaOY, OtmakhovVV, KuznetsovaTY (2015). Value assessment of arterial stiffness in metabolic syndrome [Znachenie otsenki arterial’noy zhestkosti pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Rossiyskiy kardiologicheskiy zhurnal, (12), 45-49.
5. ZvenigorodskayaLA, KonevYV, EfremovLI (2010). Evolution of the ideas about the metabolic syndrome [Evolyutsiya predstavleniy o metabolicheskom sindrome]. Eksperimental’naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya, (7), 3-5
6. KobalavaZD, TolkachevaVV (2005). Metabolic syn-drome: treatment guidelines [Metabolicheskiy sindrom: printsipy lecheniya]. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal, 13 (7), 451-458.
7. KorchazhkinaNB, LopatkinaLV (2014). Sanatorium treatment of patients with metabolic syndrome [Sana-torno-kurortnoe lechenie bol’nykh s metabolicheskim sindromom] // Elektronnyy nauchno-obrazovatel’nyy vestnik zdorov’e i obrazovanie v XXI veke, 16 (12), 51-53.
8. KosarevVV, BabanovSA (2013). Modern approaches to pharmacotherapy of metabolic syndrome (Panangin in metabolic syndrome) [Sovremennye podkhody k farmakoterapii metabolicheskogo sindroma (panangin pri metabolicheskom sindrome)]. Russkiy meditsinskiy zhurnal, 21 (27), 1328-1333
9. KotenkoKV, SlonimskiyBY (2013). Dynamics of lipid and metabolic imbalances against the background of complex rehabilitation programs in metabolic syndrome [Dinamika lipidnogo i metabolicheskogo disbalansa na fone kompleksnykh programm reabilitatsii pri metabol-icheskom sindrome]. Saratovskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal, 9 (4), 912-917
10. KurshakovAA, SayfutdinovRG, AnchikovaLI, Vale-yevaIK, NikishovaTV (2011). Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in metabolic syndrome [Insuli-norezistentnost’ i endotelial’naya disfunktsiya pri meta-bolicheskom sindrome]. Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal, 92(2), 173-176.
11. LopatkinaLV (2013). About the influence of non-drug methods of treatment on reducing body weight in patients with metabolic syndrome [K voprosu o vliyanii nemedikamentoznykh metodov lecheniya na snizhenie massy tela pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Saratovskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal, 9 (4), 975-979.
12. MadyanovIV, KichiginVA, MarkovaTN, SemakinaSM, BashkovaIB (2011). Features of a functional state of the adrenal cortex and thyroid gland in metabolic syndrome [Osobennosti funktsional’nogo sostoyaniya kory nadpo-chechnikov i shchitovidnoy zhelezy pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Ozhirenie i metabolizm, (3), 46-50.
13. MamedovMN (2011). Metabolic syndrome in Russia: prevalence, clinical features and treatment [Metaboliches-kiy sindrom v Rossii: rasprostranennost’, klinicheskie osobennosti i lechenie], 160.
14. MashanskayaAV, KirgizovaOY (2013). Metabolic syndrome as a complex risk factor for cardiovascular disease and non-pharmacological methods of treat-ment and prevention in children and adolescents [Metabolicheskiy sindrom kak kompleksnyy faktor riska razvitiya serdechno-sosudistykh zabolevaniy i neme-dikamentoznye metody lecheniya i profilaktiki u detey i podrostkov]. Sibirskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal (Irkutsk), 121(6), 16-21.
15. MisnikovaIV (2016). Violation of carbohydrate me-tabolism as part of the metabolic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment [Narushenie uglevodnogo obmena v ramkakh metabolicheskogo sindroma: diagnostika i lechenie]. Poliklinika, (1-2), 17-20.
16. MіtchenkoOІ (2005). Menopausal metabolic syn-drome [Menopauzal’niy metabolіchniy sindrom] Nova meditsina, (4), 18-23.
17. MychkaVB, ZhernakovaYV, ChazovaIE (2010). Rec-ommendations of experts of Russian Scientific Society of Cardiologists on diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome (second revision) [Rekomendatsii ekspertov vserossiyskogo nauchnogo obshchestva kardiologov po diagnostike i lecheniyu metabolicheskogo sindroma (vtoroy peresmotr)]. Doktor.ru., (3), 15-18.
18. NapalkovDA (2011). Metabolic syndrome: risk as-sessment and modern approaches to treatment. Direc-tory of outpatient physician [Metabolicheskiy sindrom: otsenka riska i sovremennye podkhody k lecheniyu]. Spravochnik poliklinicheskogo vracha, (8), 24-26
19. OstroumovaOD, ZykovaAA (2011). Treatment of hypertension in metabolic syndrome [Lechenie arteri-al’noy gipertonii pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Trudnyy patsient, 9 (12), 4-9.
20. Recommendations of All-Russian Scientific Society on diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome, second revision (2010) [Rekomendatsii vserossiyskogo nauch-nogo obshchestva po diagnostike i lecheniyu metaboli-cheskogo sindroma, vtoroy peresmotr]. Prakticheskaya meditsina, (5), 81-101.
21. SmirnovaLE, VinogradovVF, SmirnovAV, Kovtuno-vaNP, KachalovaAS (2014). Modern understanding of the metabolic syndrome from the position of cardiologists and gastroenterologists [Sovremennye predstavleniya o metabolicheskom sindrome s pozitsii kardiologa i gas-troenterologa]. Tverskoy meditsinskiy zhurnal, (2), 14-24.
22. SudzhayevaOA, SudzhayevaSG (2014). Some of the pathophysiological mechanisms of disorders of psycho-emotional sphere in metabolic syndrome [Neko-torye patofiziologicheskie mekhanizmy formirovaniya rasstroystv psikhoemotsional’noy sfery pri metaboli-cheskom sindrome]. Kardiologiya v Belarusi, (2), 59-68.
23. TanashyanMM, LagodaOV, AntonovaKV (2012). Chronic cerebrovascular diseases in metabolic syn-drome: new approaches to the treatment [Khronicheskie tserebrovaskulyarnye zabolevaniya na fone metabol-icheskogo sindroma: novye podkhody k lecheniyu]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii im. S.S. Korsakova, 112 (11), 21-26.
24. FursovAN, PotekhinNP, ChernovSA, MychkaVB, ChernavskiySV (2008). Metabolic syndrome: a look at the problem and approaches to treatment [Metabolicheskiy sindrom: vzglyad na problemu i podkhody k lecheniyu]. Voenno-meditsinskiy zhurnal, 329 (9), 39-43.
25. KhanarinNV, KilinaOY, IvanovaSN, RossovaNA, ChudinovaOV (2014). Rationale for a personalized approach to the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome among residents of Khakassia [Obosnovanie personifitsirovannogo podkhoda k diagnos-tike, profilaktike i lecheniyu metabolicheskogo sindroma sredi zhiteley Khakasii]. Vestnik novykh meditsinskikh tekhnologiy. Elektronnoe izdanie (Tula), (1), 103.
26. ChernyshevaEN, PanovaTN (2012). The apoptosis inducer - 353 protein and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome [Induktor apoptoza - belok 353 i insulinorezis-tentnost’ pri metabolicheskom sindrome]. Kubanskiy nauchnyy meditsinskiy vestnik, (2), 186-190.
27. ShvetsNI, BentsaTM (2011). Modern approaches to treatment of the metabolic syndrome [Sovremennye pod-hody k lecheniju metabolicheskogo sindroma]. Krymskij terapevticheskij zhurnal, (2), 8-12.
28. YavelovIS (2012). Sudden cardiac death in the meta-bolic syndrome [Vnezapnaja serdechnaja smert’ pri met-abolicheskom sindrome]. Trudnyj pacient, 10 (6), 34-39
29. 1999 World Health Organization - International Society of Hypertension. (1999). Guidelines for the Man-agement of Hypertension. J. Hypertension, 17 (2), 151-183; 30 (Suppl. 2): 1-7.
30. AckroffK, SclafaniA (1996). Effects of the lipase inhibitor orlistat on intake and preference for dietary fat in rats. Am J. Physiol, 271(1Pt2), 48-54.
31. AlbertiKG, ZimmetPZ (1998). Definition, diag-nosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its com-plications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med, 15 (7), 539-553
32. AlessiMC, PeriettiF, MorangeP, HenryM, Nal-boneG, Juhan-VagueI (1997). Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue: possible link between visceral fat accumulation and vascular dis-ease. Diabetes, 46(5), 860-867
33. BestJ, NicholsonGO, O’NealDN, KotowiczMA, TebbuttNC, ChanKW, SandersKM (1996). Atorvastatin and simvastatin reduce elevated cholesterol in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Nutr Metab, 9, 74-80.
34. BjorntopP (1990). “Portal” adipose tissue as a generator of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Aterosclerosis, 10, 493-496.
35. BorkanGA, SparrowD, WisnrewskiC, VokonasPS (1986). Body weight and coronary disease risk: patterns of risk factor change associated with long-term weigh change. The normative ageing study. AmJ. Epidemiol, 124, 410-9.
36. BrounA (1998). Treating patients with docu-mented atherosclerosis to national cholesterol education program - recommended low-density-lipoprotein choles-terol goals with atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin. JACC, 32, 665-72.
37. ChengHL, MedlowS, SteinbeckK (2016). The Health Consequences of Obesity in Young Adulthood. Curr Obes Rep., 5 (1), 30-37.
38. CollinsR, YusufS (2001). HPS - Simvastatin and anti-oxidants. American Heart Association Scientific Ses-sions; November 11-14, 2001; Anaheim, California, Plenary Session VII: Late - Breaking Clinical Trials.
39. FerreiraS, RamosF, DuarteJA (2013). Over-weight, obesity, physical activity, cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in a Portuguese sample of high school adolescents. Minerva Pediatr., 65(1), 83-91.
40. FogariR, PretiP, BanderaliA et al. (1999). ACE- inhibition but not angiotensin II antagonism improves fibrinolysis and sensitivity in hypertensive post-meno-pausal women. J. Hypertens, 17 (Suppl. 3), 143.
41. FrithzG (2001). Influence on plasma - insulin and blood - glucose by treatment with bisoprololin hyperten-sive, non-diabetic patients. J. Clin. Basic Cardiol, 4, 229-30.
42. GrimmRH, GranditsGA, CulterJA, StewartALet al. (1997). Relationship of quality of life measures to long-term lifestyle and drug treatment in the treatment of mild hypertension study (TOMHS). Arch Intern Med, 157, 638-48.
43. HanssonL, ZanchettiA, CarruthersSG, DahlöfB, ElmfeldtD, JuliusS, MénardJ, RahnKH, WedelH, Wester-lingS (1998). Effects of intensive blood-pressure lower-ing and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet, 351, 1755-1762.
44. LeeG, ChoiHY, YangSJ (2015). Effects of Dietary andPhysicalActivity Interventions onMetabolicSyn-drome: A Meta-analysis. J Korean AcadNurs, 45(4), 483-94.
45. MallionJM, De GaudemarisRD, Siché JP, Maitre A, Pitiot M (1990). Day and night blood pressure values in normotensive and essential hypertensive subjects assessed by twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring. J. Hypertens, 8, 49-55.
46. RamicE, PraskoS, MujanovicOB, GavranL(2016). Metabolic syndrome - theory and practice. Mater Sociomed., 28(1), 71-3.
47. ReavenGM (1988). Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 37, 1595-607.
48. WeidmannP (2001). Metabolic profile of in-dapamide sustained-release in patients with hyperten-sion. Drug safety, 24, 1155-65
