Objective of research: to study the mechanisms of induced tomato plant resistance to rootknot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and potato to cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Materials and methods: The biogenic elicitors — chitosan and signal molecules — SA, JA for the modulation of immune plant responses were used. In experiment 1, tubers of potato cultivars Istrinskii (PCN-susceptibility) and Krinitsa (PCN-resistant), were treated with aqueous solutions of the immunomodulators at the specified concentrations. A low molecular weight soluble chitosan and acetylation degree of 15% and signal molecule — SA was used as an elicitor. In experiment 2, system tomato M. incognia was studied. Water solutions of chitosan, signal molecules: SA, JA were used for treatment of tomato seeds for 2 h and then the seeds were planted in sterile soil. The control plants were treated with water. Cultivation of plants was carried out by the standard technique. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse long enough for the nematodes to complete their life cycle. Development of nematodes in the processed plants estimated on morphophysiological and population characteristics. Biochemical indicators of roots and leaves of tomatoes estimated for 14 days after infection of plants. Previously identified major biochemical indicators of the plants in the genome that contain genes that determine the resistance of plants. The effects of biogenic elicitors on plant resistance were also evaluated by some metabolic changes related to natural plant resistance to tomato and potato to plant nematodes. These indicators were studied in clarifying mechanisms of induced resistance. Results and discussion: Biogenic elicitors induce systemic resistance of plants to plant parasitic nematodes — Meloidogyne incognita and Globodera rostochiensis (decrease in the parasitic invasion of the roots; an inhibition of the vital activity of the parasite; a decrease in fertility and the amount of agents sources (larvae and eggs) capable of infecting the plants). The addition of signal molecules (salicylic and jasmonic acid) to elicitors increased their activity as immunomodulators. In present investigation, the mechanisms of induced plant resistance nematode were studied. The data obtained suggest that the mechanisms natural and induced by biogenic elicitors tomato resistance to the nematode have the same origin. These features meet all requirements of the new generation of methods of plant protection and the use of biogenic elicitors to raise plant resistance to parasitic nematodes may be promising.
nematodes, systemic acquired resistance, elicitors, signal molecules, chitosan, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid.
Introduced
Plants are often exposed to biotic stresses derived from viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects that can endanger crop yields and cause relevant economic losses.
Plant-parasitic nematodes are pests of a wide range of economically important crops, causing severe losses to agriculture, incurring estimated economic losses in excess of €100 billion/year in worldwide. Sedentary cyst and root knot nematodes are obligatory parasites of a wide range of crops. Sedentary nematodes which cause characteristic formations on roots, galls or root-knots, and cyst-forming ones which females transform into cysts at the last stage of their life cycle, have been of great economic importance and a subject for intent studies of nematologists and phytopathologists worldwide. These sedentary endoparasites start a lasting relationship with their host plant; the nematodes force the plant to create an exclusive feeding site located in the plant root. For growth and development, the nematode fully depends on this food source.
Potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera rostochiensis is classified with the most dangerous and economically significant pathogens of the family Solanaceae. This nematode decreases the yield of potato (to 60%), worsens the quality and marketable condition of tubers, as well as enables potato infection with other diseases. PCN is a sedentary endoparasite of potato roots, fighting with which is hampered due to the good adaptation of the parasite to environmental conditions, long (10 to 15 years) lifespan of cysts in the absence of the host plant, and the threat of occurrence of aggressive pathotypes in the case of reduction of nematode-resistant potato varieties in a monoculture.
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