Irkutsk, Russian Federation
This paper reviews the space weather impact on operation of radio devices. The review is based on recently published papers, books, and strategic scientific plans of space weather investigations. The main attention is paid to ionospheric effects on propagation of radiowaves, basically short ones. Some examples of such effects are given based on 2012–2016 ISTP SB RAS EKB radar data: attenuation of ground backscatter signals during solar flares, effects of travelling ionospheric disturbances of different scales in ground backscatter signals, effects of magnetospheric waves in ionospheric scatter signals.
space weather, technical effects
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Вопросы влияния космической погоды на развитое технологическое общество, и в частности на работу радиоэлектронных средств, в последнее время встают особенно остро. В связи с вовлечением компьютерных и роботизированных средств в большую часть нашей повседневной жизни встает естественный вопрос: насколько устойчиво и корректно будет работать эта радиоэлектронная аппаратура (не всегда контролируемая обычными пользователями) и ее программное обеспечение при изменении внешних условий [Goodman, Aarons, 1990].
Проблема возникла достаточно давно в связи с помехами на системах проводной связи [Barlow, 1849] и сбоями аппаратуры на сетях электропередач [Love, Coїsson, 2016], особенно значительными в высоких широтах.
В настоящее время наблюдается резкое нарастание количества высокоточной техники, иногда имеющей особенности, несущественные в типичных условиях. Однако в условиях, отличающихся от ожидаемых, подобные особенности могут быть критичными для функционирования радиоэлектронных устройств, в том числе и бытовых приборов [Whiteson et al., 2014], использующихся практически повсеместно.
Проблема воздействия космической погоды на радиосредства для регулярных потребителей стала наиболее заметна при анализе данных глобальных систем позиционирования, являющихся в настоящее время де-факто основным элементом систем позиционирования и временной привязки. Как оказалось, основная функция этой системы — точное определение местоположения — зависит от характеристик окружающей среды. В частности, во время геомагнитных возмущений системы могут чаще и сильнее ошибаться, а иногда и отказывать [Afraimovich et al., 2004; Афраймович и др., 2007; Kim et al., 2014]. Этот эффект проявляется не только при позиционировании наземных, но и космических объектов [Xiong et al., 2016].
Внезапные возмущения космической погоды, приводящие к мощным рассеянным сигналам на установках радиолокации, радиосвязи и радиозондирования [Багаряцкий, 1961; Свердлов, 1982], требуют развития систем прогноза подобных помех и уменьшения степени их влияния на радиоаппаратуру.
Таким образом, оценка влияния космической погоды на работу радиосредств, прогноз последствий такого влияния, готовность к проблемам, вызванным таким влиянием, и ликвидация его возможных последствий являются насущными задачами, стоящими перед любым обществом, достаточно развитым технологически [The Sun to the Earth — and Beyond…, 2003; Solar and Space Physics…, 2013]. Промежуток между запуском оборудования в эксплуатацию, возникновением проблем его функционирования при эксплуатации и созданием и вводом в строй нового, более устойчивого оборудования во многих случаях составляет несколько лет. Особенно высоки эти сроки для космических средств. Естественным решением этой проблемы будут учет возможности отказа и оценка влияния эффектов космической погоды на конечный результат работы этого оборудования до его замены на новое, а также предсказание периодов возможных сбоев.
Обычно задача оценки влияния космической погоды на разные сферы человеческой деятельности и уменьшения последствий этого влияния решается различными способами — от введения в действие национальных стратегий [Solar and Space Physics…, 2013; National Space Weather Strategy, 2015], планов [National Space Weather Action Plan, 2015], законодательных актов [Obama, 2016] и доступного информирования [Space Weather — Effects on Technology, 2012] до привлечения энтузиастов и возможностей бытовых устройств и компьютеров (так называемая народная наука, citizen science [Barnard et al., 2014; Aurorasourus, 2016; Wikipedia, 2016]). Проводится стимулирование и поддержка различных систем мониторинга и прогноза, как глобальных [http://www.swpc. noaa.gov/], так и локальных, посвященных конкретным аспектам космической погоды [Love et al., 2016]. Детальные обзоры воздействия космической погоды на разные виды техники могут быть найдены в монографиях [The Sun to the Earth…, 2003; Solar and Space Physics…, 2013; Effects of Space Weather..., 2004; Goodman, 2005; Space Weather..., 2007].
К основным геоэффективным проявлениям космической погоды, активно исследуемым сегодня, можно отнести [National Space Weather Strategy, 2015]: солнечные радиовсплески, влияющие на работу приемных радиосредств; наведенные геоэлектрические поля, влияющие на проводные системы энергопитания и связи; ионизующую радиацию, влияющую на работоспособность электронной аппаратуры и жизнедеятельность организмов; расширение верхних слоев атмосферы, ведущее к повышению температуры и плотности этих слоев и влияющее на динамику и время жизни искусственных спутников Земли; а также ионосферные возмущения, влияющие на процессы распространения и рассеяния радиоволн.
Начало развертывания в ИСЗФ СО РАН системы импульсных декаметровых когерентных радаров, в том числе и в рамках проекта «Национальный гелиогеофизический комплекс РАН», поднимает вопросы непрерывного мониторинга космической погоды для решения не только фундаментальных, но и прикладных задач, важных для технологически развитого общества.
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