This paper represents data about the levels of accumulation of chemical elements in epiphytic lichen species Hypogymniaphysodes and Everniamesomorpha, in the territory adjacent to the Komsomolsk and Ursk tailings in Kemerovo region (Russia). The concentrations of 58 chemical elements in samples were determined by the mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. According to results of comparison with background concentrations of the chemical elements, the specificity of the geochemical composition of lichens from Komsomolsk tailing heightened in 2.5 to 17 times the concentration of As, Cd, Sb, Hg, Au. Lichens specialization of Ursk tailing manifested in abnormally high in 3-62 times contents of As, Cd, Sb, Hg, Au, and Mn, Se, Ag, Ba, Eu, Pb, Bi. The results of this research testify that the elemental composition of lichens is directly related to the specificity of the matter composition of the tailings from mining and ore processing. Ursk tailing has higher risk of impact on the environment.
lichen biomonitoring, epiphytic lichens, tailings, mining enterprises, Kemerovo region, contamination of chemical elements.
Лихеномониторинг — метод контроля состояния окружающей среды с применением лишайников в качестве биоиндикаторов.
1. Введение в проблему
В настоящее время вопрос об обращении с отходами производства, в том числе отходами горнодобывающей промышленности, стоит очень остро. Отходы (хвосты) добычи и обогащения руд занимают значительные по площади земельные участки, формируя мощные зоны воздействия на компоненты природной среды с ярко выраженными геохимическими особенностями, которые отражают специфику добываемого и перерабатываемого сырья [1]. Определить суммарное действие загрязнителей на природную среду можно лишь при организации комплексного биомониторинга с использованием современных высокочувствительных биоиндикаторов [2], среди которых особо следует отметить лишайники. В связи с медленным ростом и гидролабильностью лишайников считается, что доминирующую роль в микроэлементном составе талломов1 играют атмосферные осадки [3 и др.]. В результате установления тесной корреляционной связи между содержанием металлов в сухом остатке атмосферных осадков и в золе лишайников достоверно установлено, что накопление и поглощение элементов лишайниками осуществляется из атмосферного воздуха [4, 5 и др.].Таким образом, лишайники выступают важными биоиндикаторами при изучении атмосферного переноса многих химических элементов [5 и др.].
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1 Таллóм, или слоеви´ще (от др.-греч. θαλλός — молодая, зеленая ветвь) — ботанический термин, применяемый для обозначения одноклеточного, многоклеточного или не дифференцированного на клетки (многоядерного) тела водорослей, грибов, лишайников, а также антоцеротовых и некоторых печеночных мхов.
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