Grozny State Petroleum Technological University named after Academician M.D. Millionshchikov
Russian Federation
This article examines the current status of the European, Islamic, and global banking systems. Specific features of their functioning are discussed, challenges for further development are identified. Particular attention is given to the formation of the BRICS+ international banking system. Possible changes in the global and European international banking systems are discussed, leading to their unification into a transatlantic banking system, with the formation of a single central bank. The issue of completing the formation of the Islamic banking system, with the transition to a single reserve currency (the gold rial), is considered. The dynamics of the formation of a single reserve currency (BRICS) for the BRICS+ intercountry banking system are noted.
reserve currency, currency basket, international bank, intercountry banking system, BRICS+
1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 31.03.2022 № 172 «O special'nom poryadke ispolneniya inostrannymi pokupatelyami obyazatel'stv pered rossiyskimi postavschikami prirodnogo gaza». — URL: https://www.consultant.ru/law/hotdocs/74380.html?ysclid=mkpqscy4lt750673947 (data obrascheniya: 22.09.2025).
2. Ukaz Prezidenta Rossii ot 8 dekabrya 2025 g. № 895 «O vnesenii izmeneniya v Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federacii ot 31 marta 2022 g. № 172 «O special'nom poryadke ispolneniya inostrannymi pokupatelyami obyazatel'stv pered rossiyskimi postavschikami prirodnogo gaza» — URL: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/52661?ysclid=mku0exq9vx430399271 (data obrascheniya:29.09.2025)
3. Gosudarstvennaya duma RF. Vyacheslav Volodin: otkaz ot raschetov v dollarah i evro — istoricheskoe reshenie. — URL: http://duma.gov.ru/news/53813 (data obrascheniya: 13.12.2025).
4. Central'nyy bank Rossiyskoy Federacii. Dinamika kursa valyuty SDR (special'nye prava zaimstvovaniya). — URL: https://cbr.ru/currency_base/dynamics/?UniDbQuery.Posted=True&UniDbQuery.VAL_NM_RQ=R01589&UniDbQuery.FromDate=07.03.2018&UniDbQuery.ToDate=14.03.2018&UniDbQuery.mode=1 (data obrascheniya:26.01.2026).
5. ISO 4217 «OK 014-2000. Obscherossiyskiy klassifikator valyut» (utv. Postanovleniem Gosstandarta Rossii ot 25.12.2000 № 405-st) Cifrovye i bukvennye kody, naimenovaniya valyut, naimenovaniya stran i territoriy (red. ot 14.07.2025). — URL: https://www. consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_31966/5ebb56e6 0f3126b262bd44c2e7d258fea7179649/?ysclid=mkpo3ov7 5q168537123 (data obrascheniya: 22.01.2026).
6. Vakulenko R.Ya., Lapaev D.N., Biryukov D.V., Kryuchkova L.O. Ocenka perspektiv prav zaimstvovaniya (SDR) v cifrovom buduschem [Tekst] / R.Ya. Vakulenko, D.N. Lapaev, D.V. Biryukov, L.O. Kryuchkova // Ekonomika, predprinimatel'stvo i pravo. — 2021. — T. 11. — № 6. S. 1623–1634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.11.6.112264; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/XVPECA
7. Gazprombank (1 sentyabrya 2025). Glavnye bankovskie trendy 2025 goda. — URL: https://www.gazprombank.ru/pro-finance/innovation/bankovskie-trendy-2025-goda (data obrascheniya: 22.12.2025).
8. Grinshteyn E. Zoloto stalo populyarnee evro u centrobankov [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://kz.kursiv.media/2025-06-11/lngr-gold-euro (data obrascheniya: 13.12.2025).
9. Gruppa VTB (13 dekabrya 2023 g.). Istoriya poyavlenie bankov [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: http://www.vtb.ru (data obrascheniya: 13.12.2025).
10. Evro: valyuta, strany, oboznachenie i istoriya poyavleniya [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://znanierussia.ru/articles/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE (data obrascheniya: 13.12.2025).
11. Islamskiy banking: chto eto i kak rabotaet [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://rb.ru/columns/islamic-banking-2024 (data obrascheniya: 20.11.2025).
12. Maykl Billington. Zolotoy dinar: otvet na haos // Valyutnyy spekulyant. Dekabr' 2002 [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://larouchepub.com/russian/nbw/a2vs12_dinar.pdf (data obrascheniya: 26.11.2025).
13. Mezhdunarodnyy valyutnyy fond [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://www.imf.org/ru/home (data obrascheniya: 18.11.2025).
14. Polyanskaya M. Kak izmenilas' dolya dollara SShA v mirovyh rezervah za 20 let: dannye The Kobeissi Letter [Tekst] / M. Polyanskaya. — URL: https://finance.mail.ru/article/dolya-dollara-ssha-v-mirovyh-rezervah-upala-dominimuma-za-20-let-69195342/ (data obrascheniya: 26.01.2026).
15. Rambler. 1 evro (EUR) v SDR (XDR) segodnya [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://finance.rambler.ru/calculators/converter/1-EUR-XDR/?ysclid=mkpowxfj3l56 0825280 (data obrascheniya: 22.01.2026).
16. Rossiya otkazyvaetsya prinimat' dollary i evro za gaz po ekonomicheskim soobrazheniyam, razbiraemsya v detalyah [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://dzen.ru/a/ YwaOweQuVjZIS4Gn?ysclid=mktrsnjibe623618094 (data obrascheniya: 15.12.2025).
17. RUVIKI. Internet-enciklopediya. Islamskiy zolotoy dinar [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://ru.ruwiki.ru/wiki/Islamskiy_zolotoy_dinar?ysclid=mlqe3opje5776729417 (data obrascheniya: 26.11.2025).
18. RIA «Novosti» (18 iyunya 2025). Novyy bank razvitiya profinansiroval okolo 120 proektov, zayavil Putin [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://ria.ru/20250618/ bank-2023695386.html?ysclid=mkv89g5dr8666240014 (data obrascheniya: 18.11.2025).
19. Strany BRIKS vvodyat valyutu, obespechennuyu zolotom [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://www.zolotoy-zapas. ru/news/market-analytics/strany-briks-vvodyat-valyutuobespechennuyu-zolotom/?ysclid=mjumx26e12235660434 (data obrascheniya: 12.01.2026).
20. Tokareva A. Zoloto oboshlo evro i stalo vtorym po stoimosti rezervnym aktivom mirovyh CB [Tekst] / A. Tokareva. — Frank Media (11.06.2025). — URL: https:// frankmedia.ru/205904 (data obrascheniya: 12.12.2025).
21. Uglickih O.N. Bankovskaya sistema Rossii [Tekst] / O.N. Uglickih, E.N. Kvekveskiri // Ekonomika i socium. — 2015. — № 2. — C. 889–892. — URL: https:// cyberleninka.ru/article/n/bankovskaya-sistema-rossii-1/ viewer (data obrascheniya: 25.01.2026). EDN: https://elibrary.ru/VFQZLV
22. Finansovyy marketpleys Banki.ru (17 yanvarya 2026 g.). Islamskiy banking rasprostranyat na vsyu Rossiyu. Chto eto takoe, pochemu zapreschen dohod s procentov i kakie perspektivy [[Elektronnyy resurs]]. — URL: https:// www.banki.ru/news/daytheme/?id=10971107 (data obrascheniya: 26.01.2026).
23. Cakaev A.H. Mezhdunarodnye bankovskie sistemy i ih arhitektura: ekonomiko-pravovye aspekty [Tekst] / A.H. Cakaev, Z.A. Saidov // Ekonomicheskaya bezopasnost'. — 2025. — T. 8. — № 11. — S. 3401–3422. — DOI:https://doi.org/10.18334/ecsec.8.11.124109 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/IOVIYL
24. EUROPEN CENTRAL BANK. International reserves. URL: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/balance_of_payments_ and_external/international_reserves/html/index.en.html (accessed: 25.01.2026).
25. EUROPEN CENTRAL BANK. International Reserves and Foreign Exchange Liquidity Template. URL: https://www. ecb.europa.eu/stats/balance_of_payments_and_external/international_reserves/templates/html/199912ecb.en.html (accessed: 25.01.2026).
26. IMF Executive Board Concludes Quinquennial SDR Valuation Review and Determines New Currency Weights for SDR Valuation Basket. Retrieved 10 March 2023 from International Monetary Fund website: https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2022/05/14/pr22153-imf-board-concludessdr-valuation-review (accessed: 20.12.2025)
27. Jacobides M.G., Cennamo C., Gawer A. Ecosystems and competitive advantage in the digital era // Strategic Management Journal. 2021, v. 42, no. 9, pp. 1603–1630.
28. Maciej Akatsky, Ana Aragonos, Juddit Kahluis and Hans Olsson (September 17, 2024). A study of investment funds owned by households. data.ecb.europa.eu. URL: https://data.ecb.europa.eu/blog/blog-posts/exploring-investmentfunds-households-own (accessed: 23.11.2025)
29. McKinsey’s Global Banking Annual Review 2025 | McKinsey. Global Banking Annual Review 2025: Why precision, not heft, defines the future of banking. URL: https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.9eea59c3-69766d07a0d66299-74722d776562/https/www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/global-banking-annualreview (accessed: 25.01.2026).
30. Mustafa Adil. ICD — LSG Islamic Finance Development Report 2024 From Niche to Norm. URL: https://kliff.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/SP5-IFDI-2024-Presentation.pdf (accessed: 15.11.2025).
31. R. Mitrovic, M. Ljubic. Globalization and its Impact on Contemporary Banking in Transition Countries. WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on BUSINESS and ECONOMICS. Volume 12, 2015. Pp 36–47. — URL: https://wseas.org/multimedia/journals/ economics/2015/a085707-079.pdf (accessed: 29.11.2025).
32. Sidorenko E.L. Digital Ruble: Digital Currency Model of Central Banks // European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences EpSBS, Samara, 15–16 december 2020. Samara: Samara State Univercity of Economics, 2021, vol. 106, pp. 1790–1797. DOI:https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.202104/02213 (accessed: 29.11.2025). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.02.213; EDN: https://elibrary.ru/CFMYYI
33. TABInsights. Largest Islamic Banks in 2025. URL: https:// tabinsights.com/ab100/largest-islamic-banks (accessed: 27.01.2026).



