Moskva, Moscow, Russian Federation
Fire tornadoes are an example of environmental disaster, which causes an enormous damage to the environment and leads to destruction and human fatalities. Fire whirls is a rare but potentially catastrophic form of fire, which dramatically increases the danger of occurring natural and man-made fires and their consequences. They occur in large forest fires, massive fires in cities and major accidents at flammable objects of petrochemical, timber industry, etc. providing full physical modeling of fire whirls is complicated by high risks, costs and complexity of controlling boundary conditions, so the major part of information is obtained through small-scale experiments. The review describes experimental facilities for generating different types of stationary and non-stationary fire vortices and studying their characteristics. We presented and analyzed the results of experiments on the burning rate and the main parameters of fire whirls (height, velocity, temperature).We estimated critical velocity of crosswinds, which yields to generation of the most intensive fire vortices. The features and conditions for the generation of fire whirls during the fires in closed spaces were considered.
fire whirls, concentrated vortices, physical modeling.
1. Введение
Воздушные и огненные смерчи являются примерами экологических катастроф, наносящих огромный ущерб окружающей среде и приводящих к многочисленным разрушениям и человеческим жертвам. Огненные вихри — редкая, но потенциально катастрофическая форма огня. Эти вертикально ориентированные вращающиеся огненные факелы драматически увеличивают опасность происходящих природных и техногенных пожаров и их последствия [1–4]. По сравнению с воздушными смерчами огненные смерчи довольно редкие природные явления, которые возникают при крупных лесных пожарах, массовых пожарах в городах и авариях на крупных пожароопасных объектах нефтехимии, лесоперерабатывающей промышленности и других (рис. 1, см. обл., с. 3). Последствиями атомной бомбардировки Хиросимы (1945 г.), массированных бомбардировок Гамбурга (1943 г.) и Дрездена (1945 г.), Касселя и Дармштадта стали опасные продолжительные неуправляемые пожары [5]. После множественных одновременных возгораний в условиях города, плотно насыщенного горючими материалами, пламена сливались, образуя достаточно однородно горящую площадь, вследствие чего возникли огненные смерчи. В 1926 г. в Калифорнии (США) в результате удара молнии в нефтехранилище также наблюдались огненные смерчи [6].
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