<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0535</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">6a9c168032807fdbab8763a8</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/stp-123202610</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">eoujpg</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Average auroral electron flux energies and nitric oxide concentrations for auroras in the midnight sector of the auroral zone</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Average auroral electron flux energies and nitric oxide concentrations for auroras in the midnight sector of the auroral zone</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Дашкевич</surname>
       <given-names>Жанна Владимировна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Dashkevich</surname>
       <given-names>Zhanna Vladimirovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>zhanna@pgia.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Иванов</surname>
       <given-names>Владимир Евгеньевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ivanov</surname>
       <given-names>Vladimir Evgenievich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ivanov@pgia.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Полярный геофизический институт</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Апатиты</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Polar Geophysical Institute</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Apatity</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Полярный геофизический институт</institution>
     <city xml:lang="ru">Апатиты</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="ru">Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Polar Geophysical Institute</institution>
     <city xml:lang="en">Apatity</city>
     <country country="RU" xml:lang="en">Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-19T15:03:28+03:00">
    <day>19</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-09-19T15:03:28+03:00">
    <day>19</day>
    <month>09</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>12</volume>
   <issue>3</issue>
   <fpage>89</fpage>
   <lpage>94</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-26T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>26</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-17T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>17</day>
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2026</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <permissions>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">© 2026 Дашкевич Ж.В., Иванов В.Е.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">© 2026 Dashkevich Z.V., Ivanov V.E.</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дашкевич Жанна Владимировна, Иванов Владимир Евгеньевич</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zhanna Vladimirovna, Ivanov Vladimir Evgenievich</copyright-holder>
   </permissions>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9c168032807fdbab8763a8/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/publications/6a9c168032807fdbab8763a8/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The statistical distribution of the average energy of precipitating electron fluxes for the midnight sector of the auroral zone has been calculated using numerical modeling results. The average energy maximum is localized within 3–4.5 keV. We study the dependence of nitric oxide concentration in the electron precipitation region on the geomagnetic activity level. It is found that as the geomagnetic activity index Ap increases from 5 to 40, the concentration of nitric oxide at the maximum of its altitude profile [NO]ₘₐₓ decreases from 2∙10⁸ to 4∙10⁷ sm⁻³. The obtained values of the average energy of precipitating electrons and nitric oxide concentrations can be used in solving various problems of modeling auroral events as input average statistical parameters.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The statistical distribution of the average energy of precipitating electron fluxes for the midnight sector of the auroral zone has been calculated using numerical modeling results. The average energy maximum is localized within 3–4.5 keV. We study the dependence of nitric oxide concentration in the electron precipitation region on the geomagnetic activity level. It is found that as the geomagnetic activity index Ap increases from 5 to 40, the concentration of nitric oxide at the maximum of its altitude profile [NO]ₘₐₓ decreases from 2∙10⁸ to 4∙10⁷ sm⁻³. The obtained values of the average energy of precipitating electrons and nitric oxide concentrations can be used in solving various problems of modeling auroral events as input average statistical parameters.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>aurora</kwd>
    <kwd>modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>electron precipitation</kwd>
    <kwd>average energy</kwd>
    <kwd>nitric oxide</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>aurora</kwd>
    <kwd>modeling</kwd>
    <kwd>electron precipitation</kwd>
    <kwd>average energy</kwd>
    <kwd>nitric oxide</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chamberlain J.W. Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. New-York, London: Academic Press., 1961, 704 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chamberlain J.W. Physics of the Aurora and Airglow. New-York, London: Academic Press., 1961, 704 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Estimate of the NO concentration in the auroral region based on emission intensities of 391.4, 557.7 and 630.0 nm. Cosmic Res. 2017, vol. 55, iss. 5, pp. 318–322. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010952517050045.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Estimate of the NO concentration in the auroral region based on emission intensities of 391.4, 557.7 and 630.0 nm. Cosmic Res. 2017, vol. 55, iss. 5, pp. 318–322. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010952517050045.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Estimated nitric oxyden density in auroras from ground-based photometric data. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2019, vol. 5, iss. 1, pp. 58–61. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-51201908.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Estimated nitric oxyden density in auroras from ground-based photometric data. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2019, vol. 5, iss. 1, pp. 58–61. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-51201908.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Diagnostics of emission intensities and electron density in auroras based on empirical precipitation models. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2022, vol. 8, iss. 2, pp. 56–60. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-82202208.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E. Diagnostics of emission intensities and electron density in auroras based on empirical precipitation models. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2022, vol. 8, iss. 2, pp. 56–60. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-82202208.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashkevich Zh.V., Zverev V.L., Ivanov V.E. Ratios of I630.0/I427.8 and I557.7/I427.8 emission intensities in auroras. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2006, vol. 46, iss. 3, pp. 366–370. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001679320603011X.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zh.V., Zverev V.L., Ivanov V.E. Ratios of I630.0/I427.8 and I557.7/I427.8 emission intensities in auroras. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2006, vol. 46, iss. 3, pp. 366–370. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001679320603011X.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E, Sergienko T.I., Kozelov B.V. Physicochemical model of the auroral ionosphere. Cosmic Res. 2017, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010952517020022.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E, Sergienko T.I., Kozelov B.V. Physicochemical model of the auroral ionosphere. Cosmic Res. 2017, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 88–100. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0010952517020022.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Emmert J.T., Drob D.P., Picone J.M., et al. NRLMSIS 2.0: A whole-atmosphere empirical model of temperature and neutral species densities. Earth and Space Science. 2021, vol. 8, iss. 3, e2020EA001321. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA00132.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Emmert J.T., Drob D.P., Picone J.M., et al. NRLMSIS 2.0: A whole-atmosphere empirical model of temperature and neutral species densities. Earth and Space Science. 2021, vol. 8, iss. 3, e2020EA001321. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EA00132.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gattinger R.L., Llewellyn E.J., Vallance Jones A. On I(5577A) and I(7620A) auroral emissions and atomic oxygen densities. Ann. Geophys. 1996, vol. 14, iss. 7, pp. 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0687-1.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gattinger R.L., Llewellyn E.J., Vallance Jones A. On I(5577A) and I(7620A) auroral emissions and atomic oxygen densities. Ann. Geophys. 1996, vol. 14, iss. 7, pp. 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-0687-1.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gilmore F.R., Laher R.R., Espy P.J. Franck-Condon factors, r-centroids, electronic transition moments, and Einstein coefficients for many nitrogen and oxygen band systems. J. Phus. Chem Ref. Data. 1992, vol. 21, iss. 5, pp. 1005–1107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555910.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilmore F.R., Laher R.R., Espy P.J. Franck-Condon factors, r-centroids, electronic transition moments, and Einstein coefficients for many nitrogen and oxygen band systems. J. Phus. Chem Ref. Data. 1992, vol. 21, iss. 5, pp. 1005–1107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555910.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanov V.E., Dashkevich Zh.V. Effect of the concentration NO on the ratio I557.7/I427.8 in auroras. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2024, vol. 10, iss. 1, pp. 29–33. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-101202404.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov V.E., Dashkevich Zh.V. Effect of the concentration NO on the ratio I557.7/I427.8 in auroras. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2024, vol. 10, iss. 1, pp. 29–33. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-101202404.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rees M.H., Stewart A.I., Sharp W.E., et al. Coordinated rocket and satellite measurements of an auroral event, 1, Satellite observation and analysis. J. Geophys .Res. 1977, vol. 82, iss. 16, pp. 2250–2261. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i016p02250.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rees M.H., Stewart A.I., Sharp W.E., et al. Coordinated rocket and satellite measurements of an auroral event, 1, Satellite observation and analysis. J. Geophys .Res. 1977, vol. 82, iss. 16, pp. 2250–2261. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i016p02250.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sergienko N.I., Ivanov V.E. A new approach to calculate the excitation of atmospheric gases by auroral electron impact. Ann. Geophys. 1993, vol. 11, iss. 8, pp. 717–727.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergienko N.I., Ivanov V.E. A new approach to calculate the excitation of atmospheric gases by auroral electron impact. Ann. Geophys. 1993, vol. 11, iss. 8, pp. 717–727.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharp W.E. NO2 continuum in aurora. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, vol. 83, pp. 4373–4376. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA09p04373.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharp W.E. NO2 continuum in aurora. J. Geophys. Res. 1978, vol. 83, pp. 4373–4376. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA083iA09p04373.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharp W.E., Rees M.H., Stewart A.I. Co-ordinated rocket and satellite measurements of an auroral events 2. The rocket observations and analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, vol. 84, iss. A5, pp. 1977-1985. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i016p02250.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharp W.E., Rees M.H., Stewart A.I. Co-ordinated rocket and satellite measurements of an auroral events 2. The rocket observations and analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 1979, vol. 84, iss. A5, pp. 1977-1985. https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i016p02250.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shepherd G.G., Gerdjikova M.G. Thermospheric atomic oxygen concentrations inferred from the auroral I(5577)/I(4278) emission rate ratio. Planetary and Space Sci. 1988, vol. 36, iss. 9. pp. 893–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(88)90096-7.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepherd G.G., Gerdjikova M.G. Thermospheric atomic oxygen concentrations inferred from the auroral I(5577)/I(4278) emission rate ratio. Planetary and Space Sci. 1988, vol. 36, iss. 9. pp. 893–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(88)90096-7.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shepherd M.G., Shepherd G.G. On the I(557.7 nm)/I(427.8 nm) emission rate in aurora. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1995, vol. 57, iss. 8, pp. 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00065-V.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepherd M.G., Shepherd G.G. On the I(557.7 nm)/I(427.8 nm) emission rate in aurora. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 1995, vol. 57, iss. 8, pp. 933–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00065-V.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Solomon S.C., Barth C.A. Auroral production of nitric oxide measured by the SNOE satellite. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, vol. 26, iss. 9, pp. 1259–1262. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900235.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Solomon S.C., Barth C.A. Auroral production of nitric oxide measured by the SNOE satellite. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1999, vol. 26, iss. 9, pp. 1259–1262. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL900235.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Swider W., Narcisi R.S. Auroral E-region: Ion composition and nitric oxide. Planet. Space Sci. 1977, vol. 25, iss. 2, pp. 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(77)90014-9.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Swider W., Narcisi R.S. Auroral E-region: Ion composition and nitric oxide. Planet. Space Sci. 1977, vol. 25, iss. 2, pp. 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(77)90014-9.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vallance Jones A. Aurora. Boston: D. Reidel Published Company, 1974, 301 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vallance Jones A. Aurora. Boston: D. Reidel Published Company, 1974, 301 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whiter D.K., Partamies N., Gustavsson B., Kauristie K. The altitude of green OI 557.7 nm and blue N+2N_2^+ 427.8 nm aurora. Ann. Geophys. 2023, vol. 41, iss. 1, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whiter D.K., Partamies N., Gustavsson B., Kauristie K. The altitude of green OI 557.7 nm and blue N+2N_2^+ 427.8 nm aurora. Ann. Geophys. 2023, vol. 41, iss. 1, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-1-2023.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://kauai.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/instantrun/nrlmsis (accessed October 25, 2025).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://kauai.ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/instantrun/nrlmsis (accessed October 25, 2025).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
