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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Geometry &amp; Graphics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Geometry &amp; Graphics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Геометрия и графика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">2308-4898</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">49716</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/2308-4898-2022-9-4-46-62</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Научные проблемы геометрии</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Scientific problems of geometry</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Научные проблемы геометрии</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Overview of Geometric Ways to Increase the Constructions’ Specific Strength: Topological Optimization and Fractal Structures</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Обзор геометрических способов повышения удельной прочности конструкций: топологическая оптимизация и фрактальные структуры</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Жихарев</surname>
       <given-names>Л. А.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zhikharev</surname>
       <given-names>L. A.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>Zhabafrog@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">МИРЭА – Российский технологический университет</institution>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">MIREA – Russian technological university</institution>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-04-14T09:14:54+03:00">
    <day>14</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2022</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-04-14T09:14:54+03:00">
    <day>14</day>
    <month>04</month>
    <year>2022</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>9</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>46</fpage>
   <lpage>62</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-04-08T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>08</day>
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2022</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/49716/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/49716/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Статья является обзором геометрических способов повышения удельной прочности деталей и конструкций. В процессе создания инженерного знания теоретическим и эмпирическим путями было выведено множество правил задания формы тел, выдерживающих приложенные к ним нагрузки. Так, в строительстве предпочитают использовать двутавр вместо балки прямоугольного сечения, так как первый способен выдержать большую нагрузку при аналогичной массе и том же материале, то есть при определённой схеме нагружения двутавр обладает большей удельной прочностью за счёт особенностей своей геометрии. В статье рассмотрены основные принципы создания такой геометрии.&#13;
С развитием теории сопротивления материалов, а также способов автоматизации проектирования и прочностных расчётов, появилась возможность создавать форму деталей, оптимизированных под воспринятие конкретных нагрузок. Компьютерная генерация такой формы называется топологической оптимизацией. Разработке и совершенствованию алгоритмов топологической оптимизации (ТО) посвящено множество современных исследований. В данной статье описаны некоторые алгоритмы ТО и приведен общий анализ оптимизированных форм, демонстрирующий их сходство с фракталами. &#13;
Несмотря на бурное развитие топологической оптимизации, ей присущи некоторые ограничения, часть из которых можно обойти за счёт применения фрактальных структур. В исследовании приводится новая классификация фракталов, и рассматривается возможность их применения для создания деталей и конструкций повышенной удельной прочности. Также приводятся примеры успешного применения фрактальной геометрии на практике. &#13;
Сочетание принципов проектирования прочных деталей и фрактальных алгоритмов формообразования позволят в перспективе разработать структуру силовых элементов, применимых для повышения удельной прочности конструкций. Этому будут посвящены дальнейшие исследования.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The paper is an overview of geometric methods for increasing the specific strength of parts and constructions. In the making of engineering knowledge it had been deduced by theoretical and empirical ways a number of rules for specifying the shape of bodies withstanding the loads applied to them. So, in construction, they prefer to use an I-beam instead of a beam with rectangular section, since the first one is able to withstand a large load with a similar mass and the same material, that is, with a certain loading scheme, the I-beam has a greater specific strength due to the features of its geometry. The basic principles of creating such a geometry have been considered in this paper.&#13;
With the development of the theory of strength of materials, as well as methods for automatization of design and strength calculations, it became possible to create the shape of parts optimized for specific loads. Computer generation of such a form is called topological optimization. A lot of modern research has been devoted to the development and improvement of algorithms for topological optimization (TO). In this paper have been described some of TO algorithms, and has been presented a general analysis of optimized forms, demonstrating their similarity to fractals.&#13;
Despite the rapid development of topological optimization, it has constraints, some of which can be circumvented by using fractal structures. In this study a new classification of fractals is presented, and the possibility of their use to create parts and constructions of increased specific strength is considered. Examples for successful application of fractal geometry in practice are also presented.&#13;
The combination of principles for designing strong parts and fractal shaping algorithms will make it possible in the future to develop the structure of strong elements applicable to increase the constructions’ specific strength. Further research will be devoted to this.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>удельная прочность</kwd>
    <kwd>геометрические методы модификации деталей</kwd>
    <kwd>оптимизация топологии</kwd>
    <kwd>фрактальные конструкции повышенной прочности</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>specific strength; geometric methods of parts modification; topology optimization; fractal structures of increased strength</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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