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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0535</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">45485</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/stp-74202112</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of ground-based and satellite data on spatiotemporal distribution of lightning discharges under solar minimum</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Comparison of ground-based and satellite data on spatiotemporal distribution of lightning discharges under solar minimum</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Денисенко</surname>
       <given-names>Валерий Васильевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Denisenko</surname>
       <given-names>Valery Vasilyevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>denisen@icm.krasn.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ляхов</surname>
       <given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Lyakhov</surname>
       <given-names>Andrey Nikolaevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>alyakhov@idg.chph.ras.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт вычислительного моделирования СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Красноярск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Computational Modelling RAS SB</institution>
     <city>Krasnoyarsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт динамики геосфер имени академика М.А. Садовского РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Sadovsky Institute of Geosphere Dynamics RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>7</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>104</fpage>
   <lpage>112</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-08-05T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>05</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-11-12T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>12</day>
     <month>11</month>
     <year>2020</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/45485/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/45485/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Worldwide maps of lightning activity have been obtained from the ground-based World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) for 2007–2009. We have compiled these maps separately for different seasons and UT periods, using WWLLN data on the time and coordinates of each of the recorded lightning. The total number of flashes of lightning in WWLLN data is by an order of magnitude smaller than in satellite data from Optical Transient Detector and the Lightning Imaging Sensor satellites. However, the key features of the spatial distribution and seasonal trends coincide well. The main difference observed is the absence of diurnal variation (similar to Carnegie curve) in WWLLN data against the satellite one. This concerns the global lightning number as well as its density in major thunderstorm regions. The solar local time dependence is also weak in WWLLN data. We show that in 2007–2009 the mean latitude of lightning observation is shifted to the summer hemisphere up to 10° from the annual mean value. From the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009, the global monthly average number of flashes of lightning increased threefold. We attribute this fact primarily to improved processing techniques in WWLLN. The constructed maps are necessary for numerical simulation of the Global Electric Circuit.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Worldwide maps of lightning activity have been obtained from the ground-based World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) for 2007–2009. We have compiled these maps separately for different seasons and UT periods, using WWLLN data on the time and coordinates of each of the recorded lightning. The total number of flashes of lightning in WWLLN data is by an order of magnitude smaller than in satellite data from Optical Transient Detector and the Lightning Imaging Sensor satellites. However, the key features of the spatial distribution and seasonal trends coincide well. The main difference observed is the absence of diurnal variation (similar to Carnegie curve) in WWLLN data against the satellite one. This concerns the global lightning number as well as its density in major thunderstorm regions. The solar local time dependence is also weak in WWLLN data. We show that in 2007–2009 the mean latitude of lightning observation is shifted to the summer hemisphere up to 10° from the annual mean value. From the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009, the global monthly average number of flashes of lightning increased threefold. We attribute this fact primarily to improved processing techniques in WWLLN. The constructed maps are necessary for numerical simulation of the Global Electric Circuit.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>atmosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>thunderstorm activity</kwd>
    <kwd>global distribution</kwd>
    <kwd>seasonal dependence</kwd>
    <kwd>daily variation</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>atmosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>thunderstorm activity</kwd>
    <kwd>global distribution</kwd>
    <kwd>seasonal dependence</kwd>
    <kwd>daily variation</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">This work is supported by the Krasnoyarsk Mathematical Center and financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the establishment and development of regional Centers for Mathematics Research and Education (Agreement No. 075-02-2021-1384). The part of this work related with spatio-temporal analysis of the lightning activity is supported by state contract AAAA-A19-119028790056-6.</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work is supported by the Krasnoyarsk Mathematical Center and financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of the establishment and development of regional Centers for Mathematics Research and Education (Agreement No. 075-02-2021-1384). The part of this work related with spatio-temporal analysis of the lightning activity is supported by state contract AAAA-A19-119028790056-6.</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
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