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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Medical Radiology and radiation safety</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Медицинская радиология и радиационная безопасность</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="print">1024-6177</issn>
   <issn publication-format="online">2618-9615</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">29378</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5d1102809c5ac3.32613968</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Радиационная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Radiation safety</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Радиационная безопасность</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Radioecological Monitoring of Agroecosystems in the NPP Vicinity: Methodology and Results of Investigations</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Радиационно-экологический мониторинг агроэкосистем в зоне воздействия АЭС: методология и результаты исследований</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Кузнецов</surname>
       <given-names>В. К.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kuznetsov</surname>
       <given-names>V. K.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Санжарова</surname>
       <given-names>Н. И.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Sanzharova</surname>
       <given-names>N. I.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>адъюнкт биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>adjunct of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Панов</surname>
       <given-names>А. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Panov</surname>
       <given-names>A. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Исамов</surname>
       <given-names>Н. Н.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Isamov</surname>
       <given-names>N. N.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат биологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of sciences in biology;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт радиологии и агроэкологии (ВНИИ РАЭ)</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology (RIRAE)</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт радиологии и агроэкологии (ВНИИ РАЭ)</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology (RIRAE)</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт радиологии и агроэкологии (ВНИИ РАЭ)</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology (RIRAE)</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт радиологии и агроэкологии (ВНИИ РАЭ)</institution>
     <city>Обнинск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Russian Institute of Radiology and Agroecology (RIRAE)</institution>
     <city>Obninsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>64</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>25</fpage>
   <lpage>31</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/29378/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/29378/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Цель: Обоснование необходимости создания и ведения системы радиационно-экологического мониторинга (РЭМ) аграрных экосистем в регионе размещения атомных электростанций на всех этапах жизненного цикла радиационно-опасного объекта.&#13;
Материал и методы: Представлены методологические подходы (санитарно-гигиенический и экологический) к РЭМ агроэкосистем в регионе размещения АЭС. Определены задачи РЭМ агроэкосистем, выделены этапы его организации и ведения. Показаны особенности разработки программ и регламентов РЭМ агроэкосистем. Определены основные объекты радиационно-экологического мониторинга, контролируемые параметры, а также периодичность мониторинговых наблюдений. Обоснованы принципы размещения контрольных пунктов в сети мониторинга.&#13;
Результаты: Представлены результаты РЭМ аграрных экосистем в зонах воздействия Курской и Ростовской АЭС за 2001–2016 гг. Продемонстрированы подходы к созданию сети мониторинга с учетом особенностей регионов размещения АЭС (ландшафтных, почвенных, хозяйственных). Показано, что плотность загрязнения сельскохозяйственных угодий 90Sr варьирует в пределах 0,47–1,74 кБк/м2, а 137Cs – 2,7-9,7 кБк/м2 для Курской АЭС и, соответственно, 0,36–2,57 по 90Sr и 2,25–4,55 кБк/м2 по 137Cs – для Ростовской АЭС. За весь период мониторинговых наблюдений ни в одной из проб сельскохозяйственной продукции не обнаружены превышения санитарно-гигиенических нормативов по содержанию радионуклидов. За счет потребления продуктов питания, производящихся в 30-км зонах наблюдения, в рацион питания местного населения поступает около 63 Бк/год 90Sr и 195 Бк/год 137Cs в зоне наблюдения Курской АЭС и, соответственно, 133 и 184 Бк/год на прилегающей территории Ростовской АЭС, что почти в 400 раз по 137Cs и в 10–20 раз по 90Sr ниже соответствующих пределов годового поступления. Различия в накоплении радионуклидов для одной и той же культуры в разные годы наблюдений достигают 1,5 раз, что обусловлено влиянием почвенных и погодных условий, а также разными дозами внесения агромелиорантов под культуры.&#13;
Выводы: Результаты РЭМ агроэкосистем подтверждают, что эксплуатация Курской и Ростовской АЭС в штатном режиме не ведет к ухудшению радиационной обстановки в регионах их размещения. Дозовые нагрузки на местное население не превышают установленных нормативных значений. Система РЭМ агроэкосистем должна являться неотъемлемой составляющей в общей системе радиационной безопасности в регионах размещения АЭС и других радиационно-опасных объектов.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>Purpose: Justification of the necessity to establish and maintain a system of radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems in the vicinity of nuclear power plants at all stages of the life cycle of a radiation-hazardous facility.&#13;
Material and methods: The paper presents methodological approaches (sanitary-hygienic and environmental) to radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems in the region of the NPP location. The tasks of the radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems are defined, and its organisation and management stages are highlighted. The article displays the features of the development of programs and regulations of radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems. The main objects of radioecological monitoring, parameters to be monitored, and also the frequency of monitoring observations are determined. The principles of locating the control points on the monitoring network are substantiated.&#13;
Results: The results of radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems in the impact zones of the Kursk and Rostov NPPs are presented. The approaches to the creation of a monitoring network, taking into account the peculiarities of the regions of the NPPs’ location (landscape, soil, economic), are demonstrated. It is shown that the contamination density of agricultural lands by 90Sr varies in the range of 0.47–1.74 kBq/m2, and by 137Cs – 2.7–9.7 kBq/m2 for Kursk NPP and, for Rostov NPP it is 0.36–2.57 kBq/m2 by 90Sr and 2.25–4.55 kBq/m2 by 137Cs. Over the entire period of monitoring observations, none of the samples of agricultural products appeared to have an excess of sanitary and hygienic standards for the content of radionuclides. Due to the consumption of food produced in 30-km observation zones, about 63 Bq/a of 90Sr and 195 Bq/a of 137Cs in the Kursk NPP observation zone and, respectively,133 and 184 Bq/a in the vicinity of Rostov NPP enter the diet of the local population, which is almost 400 times for 137Cs and 10–20 times for 90Sr below the annual ingestion limits respectively. Differences in the accumulation of radionuclides for the same crop in different years of observation come up to 1.5 times, due to the influence of soil and weather conditions, as well as different doses of ameliorants application.&#13;
Conclusion: The results of the radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems confirm that the operation of the Kursk and Rostov NPPs in normal mode does not lead to a deterioration of the radiation situation in the regions where they are located. Radiation doses on the local population do not exceed the established standard values. The system of radioecological monitoring of agricultural ecosystems should be an integral component in the general system of radiation safety in the vicinities of NPPs and other radiation-hazardous facilities.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>атомные электростанции</kwd>
    <kwd>агроэкосистемы</kwd>
    <kwd>радионуклиды</kwd>
    <kwd>радиационно-экологический мониторинг</kwd>
    <kwd>продукты питания</kwd>
    <kwd>дозы облучения населения</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>Nuclear Power Plants</kwd>
    <kwd>agroecosystems</kwd>
    <kwd>radionuclides</kwd>
    <kwd>radioecological monitoring</kwd>
    <kwd>foodstuffs</kwd>
    <kwd>exposure doses of population</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>ВведениеРазвитие ядерной энергетики ставится мировой общественностью в прямую зависимость от решения вопросов обеспечения радиационной безопасности человека и окружающей среды. Во всех странах, располагающих ядерно-энергетическими установками, идет активное обсуждение путей развития атомной энергетики и проблем воздействия предприятий ядерно-топливного цикла на человека и биоту. В Российской Федерации определены перспективы развития энергетического комплекса страны в целом и создания новых АЭС на период до 2030 г. Планируется достройка возводимых атомных электростанций и освоение 10 новых площадок [1, 2]. При этом установленная суммарная мощность АЭС должна возрасти до 37–41 ГВт к 2020–2022 гг. и до 52–62 ГВт к 2030 г. Доля АЭС в общем объеме производства электроэнергии на этих этапах реализации энергетической стратегии должна составить 18,2–18,3 % и 19,7–19,8 % соответственно. </p>
 </body>
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