The problem of the improvement of the subject training of university students in the context of the transition of the Russian higher school to a multi-level structure (bachelor’s degree program, master’s degree program, and postgraduate training program) is important because of the new socio-cultural conditions that determine the need for rapid adaptation of graduates, as the development of the industry is faster than the full cycle of training for it. The authors identifi ed the following modern trends in the development of society and education: high rate of world variability, informatization of living environment, and globalization processes. These trends in the development of society in the context of educational practice determine the requirements for the subject training of students. The problem of assessing the quality of subject training is solved by the authors on the example of mathematical training of bachelors and masters in the discipline of economics. Taking into account the competence-based format of modern education, a scientifi c approach to the assessment of learning outcomes at each stage of mathematical training (subject, interdisciplinary, and professional levels) from the perspective of an open education system has been proposed. The competencies cluster of the mathematical component of professional training, considering the requirements of employers has been developed. Monitoring of the creative pragmatic skills of students which provide building of adaptive capacities has been conducted. The results of the pedagogical measurements show the positive dynamics of the quality of subject training in the changing socio-economic conditions.