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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Scientific Research and Development. Modern Communication Studies</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Научные исследования и разработки. Современная коммуникативистика</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2587-9103</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22558</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/article_5b6029032f8f65.47500073</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Общие проблемы коммуникативистики</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Common problems of the theory of communication</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Общие проблемы коммуникативистики</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Psychosemantics of Lies: Passive and Active Methods For the Detection of Deception In Interpersonal Communication</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Психосемантика лжи: пассивные и активные методы обнаружения обмана в межличностной коммуникации</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Черников</surname>
       <given-names>М. В.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Chernikov</surname>
       <given-names>M. V.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>m.v.chernikov@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор философских наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of philosophical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Жучков</surname>
       <given-names>Д. О.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zhuchkov</surname>
       <given-names>D. O.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>d_zhutchkov@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат филологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of philological sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Жучкова</surname>
       <given-names>А. М.</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Zhuchkova</surname>
       <given-names>A. M.</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>a.m.zhutchkova@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат филологических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of philological sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Technical University</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State University</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Воронежский государственный технический университет</institution>
     <city>Воронеж</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Voronezh State Technical University</institution>
     <city>Voronezh</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>7</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>17</fpage>
   <lpage>25</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/22558/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/22558/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>В статье представлен современный научный подход к проблеме обнаружения лжи в межличностной коммуникации, основанный на анализе взаимодействия двух основных систем когнитивной регуляции человеческой деятельности, так называемой Системы 1 и Системы 2. Некогерентность поведенческих проявлений работы двух этих систем может выступать индикатором использования обмана в межличностной коммуникации. В свете предложенного подхода рассматриваются конкретные техники обнаружения лжи, которые по критерию использования специальных средств, провоцирующих конфликт между Системой 1 и Системой 2, подразделяются на пассивные и активные варианты. Производится обсуждение и критический анализ применяемых сегодня техник распознавания лжи. В резюмирующей части статьи делаются соответствующие выводы.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The article presents a modern scientific approach to the problem of detecting lies in interpersonal communication. Human activities lie under the cognitive regulation of the two main systems, the so-called “System 1” and “System 2”. The interaction between the systems mentioned lies in the core of the analysis presented. Certain incoherence in behavioral manifestations of these two systems can serve as an indicator of the deception presence in interpersonal communication. In the light of the approach proposed, specific techniques for detecting lies are considered, which, according to the criterion of using special means that provoke a conflict between System 1 and System 2, are subdivided into passive and active variants. A discussion and a critical analysis of the techniques used to detect lies are being conducted. In the concluding part of the article, appropriate conclusions are drawn.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>психосемантика лжи</kwd>
    <kwd>когнитивная регуляция человеческого поведения</kwd>
    <kwd>Система 1</kwd>
    <kwd>Система 2</kwd>
    <kwd>пассивные методы распознавания лжи</kwd>
    <kwd>активные методы распознавания лжи.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>psychosemantics of lies</kwd>
    <kwd>cognitive regulation of human behavior</kwd>
    <kwd>System 1</kwd>
    <kwd>System 2</kwd>
    <kwd>passive methods for recognizing lies</kwd>
    <kwd>active methods for recognizing lies.</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p>ВведениеПредставляется перспективным подойти к вопросу о психосемантических основах лжи в межличностной коммуникации с позиций современных представлений о специфике когнитивной регуляции человеческой деятельности. Как сегодня доказано, когнитивная регуляция человеческого поведения осуществляется посредством двух основных когнитивно-динамических систем [19, 18: 255–278], которые мы вслед за Е. Становичем, Р. Вестом и Д. Канеманом будем называть Система 1 и Система 2 [33, с. 645–665, 1]. Система 2 — это когнитивная система, которая основывается на глубоком анализе объективной действительности, опирается на принципы логики и реальные причинно-следственные связи. Именно Система 2 воплощает в себе стандартные представления о человеческом разуме, о том, как работает рациональное мышление. Однако физиологическое обеспечение мощных аналитических возможностей Системы 2 весьма энергозатратно [2]. Система 2 «запускается» только в случае серьезной мотивации. Конечно (и это надо особо подчеркнуть), человек, обладая тем, что в философии называют «свободой воли», умеет сам себя мотивировать, умеет отдать себе приказ, нацеленный на мобилизацию Системы 2. Однако, даже получив такой приказ, Система 2 не включается мгновенно — время «загрузки» высококачественного человеческого компьютера имеет определенные размеры, зависящие от имеющихся в организме возможностей по «целевому» привлечению энергетических ресурсов. В состоянии общей усталости организма (низкий исходный уровень имеющихся энергетических ресурсов) или, например, в случае озабоченности человека другими проблемами (необходимость направлять энергетические ресурсы на ряд конкурирующих целей) соответствующее время «загрузки» Системы 2 увеличивается, а общая эффективность ее работы снижается. Кроме того, в деятельности человека есть достаточно много процессов, которые либо уже являются стандартными (биологически закодированными), либо — в силу многократного повторения — стандартизируются и для своего когнитивного обслуживания не нуждаются (более не нуждаются) в управлении со стороны Системы 2. Но это отнюдь не значит, что все эти процессы вообще не требуют когнитивной регуляции. Такого рода — внерациональная и, как правило, не подлежащая рефлексии — регуляция имеет место и именно ее принято обозначать как Систему 1. Система 1 — это быстрая, энергетически дешевая (по сравнению с медленной и энергетически дорогой Системой 2), как правило, мало сознаваемая и, соответственно, мало контролируемая (непроизвольная, интуитивная) система когнитивной регуляции человеческой деятельности, которая включена у человека «по умолчанию» и постоянно находится в режиме обслуживания человеческой деятельности.</p>
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