<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20190208//EN"
       "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.4" xml:lang="en">
 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0535</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">22244</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/stp-42201805</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ташлыков</surname>
       <given-names>Виктор Петрович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Tashlykov</surname>
       <given-names>Viktor Petrovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vtashlykov@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0660-8474</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Медведев</surname>
       <given-names>Андрей Всеволодович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Medvedev</surname>
       <given-names>Andrey Vsevolodovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>medvedev@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-7964</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Васильев</surname>
       <given-names>Роман Валерьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Vasilyev</surname>
       <given-names>Roman Valeryevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>roman_vasilyev@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <volume>4</volume>
   <issue>2</issue>
   <fpage>24</fpage>
   <lpage>32</lpage>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/22244/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/22244/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The paper presents a backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR) and proposes a technique for solving the inverse problem of determining plasma temperatures from IISR data. This solution is validated by setting up the direct scattering problem and simulating it using the Monte-Carlo method. In addition, we can introduce known systematic error sources into the backscatter signal model. This enables us to determine which approaches can be used to recover temperatures correctly. The major task of this study is to identify and methodically correct the errors that can distort the obtained temperatures. We also report the results of testing of the developed technique for determining temperatures from IISR experimental data. The presented model and IISR experimental data can be used to validate techniques for determining other ionospheric plasma parameters.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The paper presents a backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR) and proposes a technique for solving the inverse problem of determining plasma temperatures from IISR data. This solution is validated by setting up the direct scattering problem and simulating it using the Monte-Carlo method. In addition, we can introduce known systematic error sources into the backscatter signal model. This enables us to determine which approaches can be used to recover temperatures correctly. The major task of this study is to identify and methodically correct the errors that can distort the obtained temperatures. We also report the results of testing of the developed technique for determining temperatures from IISR experimental data. The presented model and IISR experimental data can be used to validate techniques for determining other ionospheric plasma parameters.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>ion and electron temperatures</kwd>
    <kwd>incoherent scatter technique</kwd>
    <kwd>incorrect inverse problems</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>ion and electron temperatures</kwd>
    <kwd>incoherent scatter technique</kwd>
    <kwd>incorrect inverse problems</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <label>1.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alsatkin S.S., Medvedev A.V., Kushnarev D.S. Analyzing the characteristics of phase shift keyed signals applied to the measurement of an electron concentration profile using the radiophysical model of the ionosphere. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2009. vol. 49, no. 7 (Special Iss. 1). pp. 1022-1027. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793209070305.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alsatkin S.S., Medvedev A.V., Kushnarev D.S. Analyzing the characteristics of phase shift keyed signals applied to the measurement of an electron concentration profile using the radiophysical model of the ionosphere. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2009. vol. 49, no. 7 (Special Iss. 1). pp. 1022-1027. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793209070305.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <label>2.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berngardt O.I., Kushnarev D.S. Effective subtraction technique at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar: Theory and experiment. J. Atmosph. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2013, vol. 105-106, pp. 293-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.03.023.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berngardt O.I., Kushnarev D.S. Effective subtraction technique at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar: Theory and experiment. J. Atmosph. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2013, vol. 105-106, pp. 293-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2013.03.023.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B3">
    <label>3.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berngardt O.I., Potekhin A.P. Radar equations in the radio wave backscattering problem. Radiophysics and quantum electronics. 2000. vol. 43, iss. 6, pp. 484-492. DOI: 10.1007/BF02677176.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berngardt O.I., Potekhin A.P. Radar equations in the radio wave backscattering problem. Radiophysics and quantum electronics. 2000. vol. 43, iss. 6, pp. 484-492. DOI: 10.1007/BF02677176.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B4">
    <label>4.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dougherty J.P., Farley D.T. A theory of incoherent scatter of radio waves by a plasma. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 66, no. 19, pp. 5473-5486.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dougherty J.P., Farley D.T. A theory of incoherent scatter of radio waves by a plasma. J. Geophys. Res. 1963, vol. 66, no. 19, pp. 5473-5486.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B5">
    <label>5.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evans J.V. Theory and practice of Ionosphere study by Thomson scatter radar. Proc. IEEE. 1969, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 496-530. DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1969.7005.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evans J.V. Theory and practice of Ionosphere study by Thomson scatter radar. Proc. IEEE. 1969, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 496-530. DOI: 10.1109/PROC.1969.7005.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B6">
    <label>6.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farley D.T. Incoherent scatter correlation function measurements. Radio Sci. 1969, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 935-953. DOI: 10.1029/RS004i010p00935.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farley D.T. Incoherent scatter correlation function measurements. Radio Sci. 1969, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 935-953. DOI: 10.1029/RS004i010p00935.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B7">
    <label>7.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Holt J.M., Rhoda D.A., Tetenbaum D., van Eyken A.P. Optimal analysis of incoherent scatter radar data. Radio Sci. 1992, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 435-447. DOI: 10.1029/91RS02922.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Holt J.M., Rhoda D.A., Tetenbaum D., van Eyken A.P. Optimal analysis of incoherent scatter radar data. Radio Sci. 1992, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 435-447. DOI: 10.1029/91RS02922.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B8">
    <label>8.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hysell D.L., Rodrigues F.S., Chau J.L., Huba J.D. Full profile incoherent scatter analysis at Jicamarca. Annales Geophysicae. 2008. vol. 26, iss.1, pp. 59-75. DOI: 10.5194/angeo-26-59-2008.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hysell D.L., Rodrigues F.S., Chau J.L., Huba J.D. Full profile incoherent scatter analysis at Jicamarca. Annales Geophysicae. 2008. vol. 26, iss.1, pp. 59-75. DOI: 10.5194/angeo-26-59-2008.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B9">
    <label>9.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kudeki E., Milla M.A. Incoherent scatter radar - spectral signal model and ionospheric applications. Doppler Radar Observations - Weather Radar, Wind Profiler, Ionospheric Radar, and Other Advanced Applications. InTech, 2012, Chap. 16, pp. 377-406. DOI: 10.5772/2036.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudeki E., Milla M.A. Incoherent scatter radar - spectral signal model and ionospheric applications. Doppler Radar Observations - Weather Radar, Wind Profiler, Ionospheric Radar, and Other Advanced Applications. InTech, 2012, Chap. 16, pp. 377-406. DOI: 10.5772/2036.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B10">
    <label>10.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lentinen M.S. Statistical theory of incoherent scatter radar measurements: Ph.D. Thesis. University of Helsinki, 1986, pp. 25-28.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lentinen M.S. Statistical theory of incoherent scatter radar measurements: Ph.D. Thesis. University of Helsinki, 1986, pp. 25-28.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B11">
    <label>11.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medvedev A.V. Razvitie metodov i apparatnykh sredstv radiofizicheskikh issledovanii verkhnei atmosfery Zemli na Irkutskom radare nekogerentnogo rasseyaniya [Development of methods and hardware of radiophysical investigations of Earth’s upper atmosphere at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar]. Dr. Phys. and Math. Sci. Diss. Irkutsk, 2014. 225 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medvedev A.V. Razvitie metodov i apparatnykh sredstv radiofizicheskikh issledovanii verkhnei atmosfery Zemli na Irkutskom radare nekogerentnogo rasseyaniya [Development of methods and hardware of radiophysical investigations of Earth’s upper atmosphere at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar]. Dr. Phys. and Math. Sci. Diss. Irkutsk, 2014. 225 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B12">
    <label>12.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Potekhin A.P., Medvedev A.V., Zavorin A.V., Kushnarev D.S., Lebedev V.P., Lepetaev V.V., Shpynev B.G. Recording and control digital systems of the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2009, vol. 49, iss. 7, pp. 1011-1021. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793209070299.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Potekhin A.P., Medvedev A.V., Zavorin A.V., Kushnarev D.S., Lebedev V.P., Lepetaev V.V., Shpynev B.G. Recording and control digital systems of the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2009, vol. 49, iss. 7, pp. 1011-1021. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793209070299.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B13">
    <label>13.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rogozhkin E.V. Measuring parameters of ionospheric plasma from correlation function of incoherent scatter sign al. Ionosfernye issledovaniya [Ionospheric Res.] 1979, vol. 27, pp. 46-59.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozhkin E.V. Measuring parameters of ionospheric plasma from correlation function of incoherent scatter sign al. Ionosfernye issledovaniya [Ionospheric Res.] 1979, vol. 27, pp. 46-59.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B14">
    <label>14.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ratovsky K.G., Dmitriev A.V., Suvorova A.V., Shcherbakov A.A., Alsatkin S.S., Oinats A.V. Comparative study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, Irkutsk incoherent scatter radar, Irkutsk Digisonde and IRI model electron density vertical profiles. Adv. Space Res. 2017, vol. 60, pp. 452-460. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2016.12.026.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ratovsky K.G., Dmitriev A.V., Suvorova A.V., Shcherbakov A.A., Alsatkin S.S., Oinats A.V. Comparative study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3, Irkutsk incoherent scatter radar, Irkutsk Digisonde and IRI model electron density vertical profiles. Adv. Space Res. 2017, vol. 60, pp. 452-460. DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2016.12.026.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B15">
    <label>15.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheffield J. Plasma Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation. 1st Edition. Academic Press, 1975. 318 p. DOI: 10.1016/C2013-0-07592-5</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheffield J. Plasma Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation. 1st Edition. Academic Press, 1975. 318 p. DOI: 10.1016/C2013-0-07592-5</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B16">
    <label>16.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shpynev B.G. Incoherent scatter Faraday rotation measurements on a radar with single linear polarization. Radio Sci. 2004, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1029/2001RS002523.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shpynev B.G. Incoherent scatter Faraday rotation measurements on a radar with single linear polarization. Radio Sci. 2004, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1-8. DOI: 10.1029/2001RS002523.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B17">
    <label>17.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarantola A. Inverse Problem Theory. 1st Edition. New York, Elseiver Science, 1987, 644 p.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarantola A. Inverse Problem Theory. 1st Edition. New York, Elseiver Science, 1987, 644 p.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B18">
    <label>18.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasilyev R.V., Artamonov M.F., Beletsky A.B., Zherebtsov G.A., Medvedeva I.V., Mikhalev A.V., Syrenova T.E. Registering upper atmosphere parameters in East Siberia with Fabry-Perot Interferometer KEO Scientific “Arinae”. Solar-Terr.Phys. 2017, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 61-75. DOI: 10.12737/stp-33201707.</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasilyev R.V., Artamonov M.F., Beletsky A.B., Zherebtsov G.A., Medvedeva I.V., Mikhalev A.V., Syrenova T.E. Registering upper atmosphere parameters in East Siberia with Fabry-Perot Interferometer KEO Scientific “Arinae”. Solar-Terr.Phys. 2017, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 61-75. DOI: 10.12737/stp-33201707.</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B19">
    <label>19.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zherebtsov G.A., Zavorin A.V., Medvedev A.V., Nosov V.E., Potekhin A.P., Shpynev B.G. Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar. Radiotekhnika i elektronika [J. of Communications Technology and Electronics]. 2002, vol. 47, 11, pp. 1339-1345. (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zherebtsov G.A., Zavorin A.V., Medvedev A.V., Nosov V.E., Potekhin A.P., Shpynev B.G. Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar. Radiotekhnika i elektronika [J. of Communications Technology and Electronics]. 2002, vol. 47, 11, pp. 1339-1345. (In Russian).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B20">
    <label>20.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://hpc.icc.ru (accessed May 22, 2018).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://hpc.icc.ru (accessed May 22, 2018).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B21">
    <label>21.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/77733 (accessed May 22, 2018).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://ckp-rf.ru/usu/77733 (accessed May 22, 2018).</mixed-citation>
    </citation-alternatives>
   </ref>
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
