There is no doubt that the sustainability of the negative trend of population aging has a direct impact primarily on the demographic situation of the territory, which is directly reflected in the state of the labor potential of the population and the pace of economic development and, consequently, is a challenge to economic security. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase the living potential of the population in order to achieve demographic security and economic growth. The aim of the study is to substantiate the relationship between the demographic potential of society and economic growth (taking into account the current major trends in the demographic sphere) and to develop recommendations for the formation of active social policy in the interests of preserving and increasing the vital potential of the population. Based on the proposed system of indicators, a number of risk-forming factors in the sphere of life potential of the population of the Republic of Mordovia was identified: low standard of living associated with insufficient economic potential of the region, population decline, reduction in the workforce, residual financing of health care. Effective social policy should be carried out taking into account the factors affecting the social well-being of citizens. Special attention should be paid to the state policy in the field of health care in order to reduce the excess mortality of the population.