Abstract (English):
In the review, the results of experimental studies of spatial structure of small-, middle-, and large-scale plasma density perturbations induced in the ionosphere by its pumping by powerful HF O-mode (ordinary) radio waves, are analyzed. It is shown that the region with induced plasma density perturbations occupied all ionosphere body from its E-region up to the topside ionosphere in the height and it has the horizontal length of about of 300–500 km. Peculiarities of generation of artificial ionosphere irregularities of different scale-lengths in the magnetic zenith region are stated. Experimental results obtained under conditions of iono-sphere periodical pumping when the generation of travel ionosphere disturbances is revealed are also discussed.

Keywords:
ionosphere, powerful radio wave, ionosphere pumping, plasma turbulence

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Изучение особенностей взаимодействия мощного радиоизлучения с ионосферой Земли относится к числу наиболее активно разрабатываемых проблем физики плазмы. Интерес к этой проблеме диктуется разнообразными возможными приложениями, связанными с нагревом плазмы высокочастотным электромагнитным излучением. Здесь принципиальным моментом является то, что взаимодействие интенсивного излучения с плазмой сопровождается развитием целого ряда фундаментальных нелинейных явлений, таких как параметрические неустойчивости плазмы; возбуждение сильной плазменной турбулентности; модификация профиля плотности плазмы под действием сил светового давления, выталкивающего плазму из областей с высокой интенсивностью электрического поля электромагнитной волны; тепловое давление; ускорение электронов до сверхтепловых энергий; генерация вторичного электромагнитного излучения; возбуждение электрических полей и токов в плазме и др. Исследования свойств этих явлений удобно проводить путем создания в ионосфере искусственной ионосферной турбулентности (ИИТ), например с помощью воздействия на нее мощными радиоволнами. При этом измерения выполняются с использованием управляемых источников возмущений, которые индуцируются в ионосфере с известной интенсивностью в течение заданного интервала времени на выбранных высотах в известных геофизических условиях и для диагностики которых используются хорошо развитые различные радиофизические методы исследования ионосферы с размещением измерительных приборов как на Земле, так и на борту космических аппаратов. Важным обстоятельством является то, что модификация ионосферы мощными радиоволнами не вносит загрязнения в окружающую среду, а само воздействие по своей энергетике несопоставимо с намного превосходящей мощностью природных процессов и не приводит к экологическим последствиям.

Впервые с изменением свойств ионосферы в поле мощных радиоволн столкнулись более 80 лет назад после открытия в 1933 г. Люксембург-Горьковского эффекта [Bailey, 1937; Sciacchitano, 1956]. Среди пионерных здесь следует указать также работы [Виленский, 1953, 1970; Гуревич, 1956; Hibberg, 1956; Bailey, 1959]. Проявление нелинейных эффектов при распространении радиоволн в ионосфере Земли было детально рассмотрено В.Л. Гинзбургом и А.В. Гуревичем [Гинзбург, Гуревич, 1960]; в дальнейшем результаты выполненных в этом направлении исследований были суммированы в работах [Гуревич, Шварцбург, 1973; Gurevich, 1978]. Проведенные исследования стимулировали строительство специализированных мощных радиопередающих устройств (нагревных стендов) модификации ионосферы. Первый стенд начал работу в 1961 г. в НИИ радио (Москва) [Шлюгер, 1974]. Затем были построены стенды в США («Боулдер», 1970 г. [Ютло, Коэн, 1973; Utlaut, 1970; Carroll, et al., 1974] и «Аресибо», 1971 г. [Gordon, et al, 1971]) и в России («Зименки», 1973 г. [Гетманцев и др., 1973; Беликович и др., 1974, 1975]). Позднее вошли в строй стенды около Мурманска («Мончегорск», 1976 г. [Капуcтин и др., 1977]), в Северной Норвегии (EISCAT-heating, 1980 г. [Stubbe, et al., 1981, 1982; Kopka et al., 1982; Robinson, 1989]), около Нижнего Новгорода (СУРА, 1981 г. [Ерухимов и др., 1982]), около Душанбе, Таджикистан («Гиссар», 1981 г. [Ерухимов и др., 1985]), около Харькова, Украина, (1987 г. [Богдан и др., 1980]) и стенд HIPAS (США, 1990 г. [Wagner et al., 1990]). Начиная с 1993 г. эксперименты по модификации ионосферы проводятся на наиболее мощном из построенных сегодня стендов HAARP (Аляска, США) [Gordon, 1997]. С 2004 г. исследования выполняются также в высокоширотной ионосфере на стенде SPEAR (о. Шпицберген, Норвегия) [Wright et al., 2000]. Однако по разным причинам в последние годы нагревные эксперименты активно проводились только на трех стендах: СУРА (средние широты), HAARP и EISCAT-Heating (высокие широты). Сегодня продолжается реконструкция среднеширотного стенда «Аресибо», эксперименты на котором планируется начать в самое ближайшее время.

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