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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2500-0535</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">42233</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/stp-74202106</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">On the group velocity of whistling atmospherics</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>On the group velocity of whistling atmospherics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Гульельми</surname>
       <given-names>Анатолий Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Guglielmi</surname>
       <given-names>Anatol Vladimirovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>guglielmi@mail.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Клайн</surname>
       <given-names>Борис Ицикович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Klain</surname>
       <given-names>Boris Icikovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>klain@borok.yar.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4864-0993</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Потапов</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Potapov</surname>
       <given-names>Alexander Sergeevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>potapov@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>доктор физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Геофизическая обсерватория «Борок» ИФЗ РАН</institution>
     <city>Борок</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Borok Geophysical Observatory of IPE RAS</institution>
     <city>Borok</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-20T00:00:00+03:00">
    <day>20</day>
    <month>12</month>
    <year>2021</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>7</volume>
   <issue>4</issue>
   <fpage>67</fpage>
   <lpage>70</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-03-23T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>23</day>
     <month>03</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-08-26T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>26</day>
     <month>08</month>
     <year>2021</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/42233/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/42233/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>The dynamic spectrum of a whistling atmospheric is a signal of falling tone, and the group delay time of the signal as a function of frequency is formed as a result of propagation of a broadband pulse in a medium (magnetospheric plasma) with a quadratic dispersion law. In this paper, we show that for quadratic dispersion the group velocity is invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, contrary to expectations, the group velocity is paradoxically independent of the velocity of the medium relative to the observer. A general invariance condition is found in the form of a differential equation. To explain the paradox, we introduce the concept of the dynamic spectrum of Green’s function of the path of propagation of electromagnetic waves from a pulse source (lightning discharge in the case of a whistling atmospheric) in a dispersive medium. We emphasize the importance of taking into account the motion of plasma in the experimental and theoretical study of electromagnetic wave phenomena in near-Earth space.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>The dynamic spectrum of a whistling atmospheric is a signal of falling tone, and the group delay time of the signal as a function of frequency is formed as a result of propagation of a broadband pulse in a medium (magnetospheric plasma) with a quadratic dispersion law. In this paper, we show that for quadratic dispersion the group velocity is invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, contrary to expectations, the group velocity is paradoxically independent of the velocity of the medium relative to the observer. A general invariance condition is found in the form of a differential equation. To explain the paradox, we introduce the concept of the dynamic spectrum of Green’s function of the path of propagation of electromagnetic waves from a pulse source (lightning discharge in the case of a whistling atmospheric) in a dispersive medium. We emphasize the importance of taking into account the motion of plasma in the experimental and theoretical study of electromagnetic wave phenomena in near-Earth space.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>electromagnetic waves</kwd>
    <kwd>moving plasma</kwd>
    <kwd>Earth’s magnetosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>dispersion</kwd>
    <kwd>propagation path</kwd>
    <kwd>Green’s function</kwd>
    <kwd>dynamic spectrum</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>electromagnetic waves</kwd>
    <kwd>moving plasma</kwd>
    <kwd>Earth’s magnetosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>dispersion</kwd>
    <kwd>propagation path</kwd>
    <kwd>Green’s function</kwd>
    <kwd>dynamic spectrum</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project No. 19-05-00574), as well as by programs of government assignments of IPE RAS and ISTP SB RAS</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
 <body>
  <p></p>
 </body>
 <back>
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