Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2500-0535 30600 10.12737/stp-53201910 Reviews Reviews Reviews Problems of the Pc1 magnetospheric wave theory. A review Problems of the Pc1 magnetospheric wave theory. A review Гульельми Анатолий Владимирович Guglielmi Anatol Vladimirovich guglielmi@mail.ru

доктор физико-математических наук;

doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;

 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4864-0993 Потапов Александр Сергеевич Potapov Alexander Sergeevich potapov@iszf.irk.ru

доктор физико-математических наук;

doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Институт физики Земли им. О.Ю. Шмидта РАН Москва Россия Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS Moscow Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation 5 3 87 92 https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/30600/view

The Pc1 ultralow-frequency electromagnetic waves (frequency range 0.2–5 Hz), also known as pearl necklace, are a unique phenomenon in near-Earth space physics. Many properties of pearls remain a mystery, despite the research of prominent cosmophysicists for more than half a century. In the proposed review, we briefly outline the main points of the so-called standard model, which is widely used to interpret Pc1. Next, we focus on the criticism of the standard model and on the identification of open problems in the Pc1 theory. The general conclusion is that it is necessary to develop new ideas outside the framework of the standard model in order to understand the processes of excitation and propagation of Pc1 waves in Earth’s magnetosphere.

The Pc1 ultralow-frequency electromagnetic waves (frequency range 0.2–5 Hz), also known as pearl necklace, are a unique phenomenon in near-Earth space physics. Many properties of pearls remain a mystery, despite the research of prominent cosmophysicists for more than half a century. In the proposed review, we briefly outline the main points of the so-called standard model, which is widely used to interpret Pc1. Next, we focus on the criticism of the standard model and on the identification of open problems in the Pc1 theory. The general conclusion is that it is necessary to develop new ideas outside the framework of the standard model in order to understand the processes of excitation and propagation of Pc1 waves in Earth’s magnetosphere.

 ultralow-frequency electromagnetic waves radiation belt ion-cyclotron resonator self-excitation mode ultralow-frequency electromagnetic waves radiation belt ion-cyclotron resonator self-excitation mode

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