Russian Federation
The purpose of this article is to reveal, based on the works of one of the leading Russian scientific methodologists, S.A. Lebedev, the patterns of transition in scientific methodology from the search for a single and universal method of cognition to the recognition of the existence in real science of a multitude of methods of scientific cognition, partly opposed, but simultaneously complementing each other. The methodological pluralism of modern science is not a refusal to observe certain norms in scientific cognition, but a requirement for adequate philosophical reflection on the ever-increasing number of methods of scientific cognition as scientific knowledge develops and its structure becomes more complex. The article addresses three main objectives: first, it analyzes the historical foundations of the monistic model of the scientific method; second, it examines the crisis of universalistic methodological schemes through the prism of the real dynamics of scientific knowledge; third, it reveals the foundations of the methodological pluralism of any individual science, conditioned by the level organization of its knowledge. The methodological basis of the work includes historical and philosophical analysis, conceptual reconstruction, and a comparative approach. A historical and philosophical analysis allows us to trace the actual evolution of normative concepts in science. Conceptual reconstruction enables us to clarify the content of key concepts: "method," "scientific nature," "justification," "truth," and "level of knowledge." A comparative approach allows us to identify both the differences and the continuities between monistic and pluralistic methodological approaches. The practical significance of this article lies in its emphasis on the fact that modern scientists work not within the framework of a single scientific method, but within a multiplicity of different scientific methods, which partially limit yet simultaneously complement each other in the overall process of scientific cognition.
scientific method, methodological monism, methodological pluralism, levels of scientific knowledge, meta-theoretical analysis
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