Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2500-0535 122590 10.12737/stp-122202606 fjfjyc Results of current research Results of current research Results of current research The mid-altitude atmosphere of the European-Asian Region during Forbush decreases in cosmic rays The mid-altitude atmosphere of the European-Asian Region during Forbush decreases in cosmic rays Янчуковский Валерий Леонидович Yanchukovsky Valery Leonidovich vjanch@gs.nsc.ru

доктор физико-математических наук;

doctor of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Кузьменко Василий Сергеевич Kuzmenko Vasiliy Sergeevich mp3.87@mail.ru Хисамов Рашит Замалтдинович Khisamov Rashit Zamaltdinovich khisamovrz@ipgg.sbras.ru Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS Novosibirsk Russian Federation Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СО РАН Новосибирск Россия Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS Novosibirsk Russian Federation 12 2 49 56 08 09 2025 25 11 2025 https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/122590/view

The response of the mid-latitude atmosphere to Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays is analyzed. We use the results of long-term observations of cosmic ray variations and changes in atmospheric parameters at seven mid-latitude cosmic ray stations for the period from 1966 to 2024. During Forbush decreases (at the decline and minimum of intensity), an increase in atmospheric pressure is observed at all mid-latitude cosmic ray stations. When the cosmic ray intensity is restored after a Forbush decrease, the pressure decreases. The duration of this atmospheric response coincides with the duration of the Forbush decrease. The effect is more pronounced in the cold season, as well as for cosmic ray stations with small geomagnetic cutoff rigidity values. Variations in mean mass and surface temperatures during a Forbush decrease are observed at all cosmic ray stations and differ significantly for the cold and warm seasons. The obtained results suggest that changes in cloudiness and atmospheric transparency caused by changes in the ionization rate during Forbush decreases are a possible cause of the observed effects.

The response of the mid-latitude atmosphere to Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays is analyzed. We use the results of long-term observations of cosmic ray variations and changes in atmospheric parameters at seven mid-latitude cosmic ray stations for the period from 1966 to 2024. During Forbush decreases (at the decline and minimum of intensity), an increase in atmospheric pressure is observed at all mid-latitude cosmic ray stations. When the cosmic ray intensity is restored after a Forbush decrease, the pressure decreases. The duration of this atmospheric response coincides with the duration of the Forbush decrease. The effect is more pronounced in the cold season, as well as for cosmic ray stations with small geomagnetic cutoff rigidity values. Variations in mean mass and surface temperatures during a Forbush decrease are observed at all cosmic ray stations and differ significantly for the cold and warm seasons. The obtained results suggest that changes in cloudiness and atmospheric transparency caused by changes in the ionization rate during Forbush decreases are a possible cause of the observed effects.

 cosmic rays atmosphere Forbush decreases pressure temperature cosmic rays atmosphere Forbush decreases pressure temperature The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project FWZZ-2022-0019). The results were obtained using the equipment of Unique Research Facility 85 “Russian National Network of Cosmic Ray Stations” [http://www.ckp-rf.ru/usu/433536] The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project FWZZ-2022-0019). The results were obtained using the equipment of Unique Research Facility 85 “Russian National Network of Cosmic Ray Stations” [http://www.ckp-rf.ru/usu/433536]

Dickinson R.E. Solar variability and the lower atmosphere. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1975, vol. 56, iss. 12, pp. 1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1975)056<1240:SVATLA>2.0.CO;2. Dickinson R.E. Solar variability and the lower atmosphere. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1975, vol. 56, iss. 12, pp. 1240–1248. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1975)056<1240:SVATLA>2.0.CO;2. Erlykin A.D., Wolfendale A.W. Cosmic ray effects on cloud cover and their relevance to climate change. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2011, vol. 77, pp. 1681–1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.03.001. Erlykin A.D., Wolfendale A.W. Cosmic ray effects on cloud cover and their relevance to climate change. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2011, vol. 77, pp. 1681–1686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2011.03.001. Erlykin A.D., Gualai G., Kudela K., Sloan T., Wolfendale A.W. Some aspects of ionization and the cloud cover, cosmic ray correlation problem. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2009, vol. 71, pp. 823–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.007. Erlykin A.D., Gualai G., Kudela K., Sloan T., Wolfendale A.W. Some aspects of ionization and the cloud cover, cosmic ray correlation problem. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2009, vol. 71, pp. 823–829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2009.03.007. Karakhanyan A.A., Molodykh S.I. Spatial distribution of temperature during geomagnetic disturbances. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2018, vol. 4, iss. 4, pp. pp. 59–62. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-44201808. Karakhanyan A.A., Molodykh S.I. Spatial distribution of temperature during geomagnetic disturbances. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2018, vol. 4, iss. 4, pp. pp. 59–62. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-44201808. Kniveton D.R. Precipitation, cloud cover and Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, iss. 13-14, pp. 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.010. Kniveton D.R. Precipitation, cloud cover and Forbush decreases in galactic cosmic rays. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, iss. 13-14, pp. 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.010. Kondratyev K.Ya., Nikolsky G.A. The solar constant and climate. Solar Phys. 1983, vol. 89, pp. 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211964. Kondratyev K.Ya., Nikolsky G.A. The solar constant and climate. Solar Phys. 1983, vol. 89, pp. 215–222. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211964. Kudryavtsev I.V., Jungner H. Variations in atmospheric transparency under the action of galactic cosmic rays as a possible cause of their effect on the formation of cloudiness. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2011, vol. 51, iss. 5, pp. 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793211050100. Kudryavtsev I.V., Jungner H. Variations in atmospheric transparency under the action of galactic cosmic rays as a possible cause of their effect on the formation of cloudiness. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2011, vol. 51, iss. 5, pp. 656–663. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793211050100. Matveev L.T. Theory of General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Climate of the Earth. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1991, 296 p. (In Russian). Matveev L.T. Theory of General Circulation of the Atmosphere and Climate of the Earth. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1991, 296 p. (In Russian). Mustel E.R. Current state of the question about the reality of corpuscular-atmospheric connections. Solar-Atmospheric Connections in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1974, pp. 7–18. (In Russian). Mustel E.R. Current state of the question about the reality of corpuscular-atmospheric connections. Solar-Atmospheric Connections in Climate Theory and Weather Forecasts. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1974, pp. 7–18. (In Russian). Pudovkin M.I., Raspopov O.M. The mechanism of the impact of solar activity on the state of the lower atmosphere and meteorological parameters (review). Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1992, vol. 32, pp. 1–22. (In Russian). Pudovkin M.I., Raspopov O.M. The mechanism of the impact of solar activity on the state of the lower atmosphere and meteorological parameters (review). Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1992, vol. 32, pp. 1–22. (In Russian). Pudovkin M.I., Raspopov O.M. Physical mechanism of the action of solar activity and other geophysical factors on the state of the lower atmosphere, meteorological parameters, and climate. Physics - Uspekhi. 1993, vol. 163, iss. 7, pp. 664–647. https://doi.org/10.1070/PU1993v036n07ABEH002296. Pudovkin M.I., Raspopov O.M. Physical mechanism of the action of solar activity and other geophysical factors on the state of the lower atmosphere, meteorological parameters, and climate. Physics - Uspekhi. 1993, vol. 163, iss. 7, pp. 664–647. https://doi.org/10.1070/PU1993v036n07ABEH002296. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V. Cloudiness decreases associated with Forbush-decreases of galactic cosmic rays. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 1995, vol. 57, iss. 11, pp. 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00109-2. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V. Cloudiness decreases associated with Forbush-decreases of galactic cosmic rays. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 1995, vol. 57, iss. 11, pp. 1349–1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(94)00109-2. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V., Pellinen R., Kyro E. Meteorological characteristic changes in the high-latitudinal atmosphere associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays. Adv. Space Res. 1997, vol. 20, iss. 6, pp. 1169–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00767-9. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V., Pellinen R., Kyro E. Meteorological characteristic changes in the high-latitudinal atmosphere associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays. Adv. Space Res. 1997, vol. 20, iss. 6, pp. 1169–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00767-9. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V., Pellinen R., Kyro E. Cosmic ray variation effects in the temperature of the high-latitude atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. 1996, vol. 17, iss. 11, pp. 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00746-2. Pudovkin M.I., Veretenenko S.V., Pellinen R., Kyro E. Cosmic ray variation effects in the temperature of the high-latitude atmosphere. Adv. Space Res. 1996, vol. 17, iss. 11, pp. 165–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(95)00746-2. Roldugin V.C., Tinsley B.A. Atmospheric transparency changes associated with solar wind-induced atmospheric electricity variations. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, iss. 13-14, pp. 1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.006. Roldugin V.C., Tinsley B.A. Atmospheric transparency changes associated with solar wind-induced atmospheric electricity variations. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, iss. 13-14, pp. 1143–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.006. Shumilov O.I., Kasatkina E.A., Henriksen K., Vashenuk E. Enhancement of stratospheric aerosol after solar proton event. Ann. Geophys. 1996, vol. 4, iss. 11, pp. 1119–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1119-y. Shumilov O.I., Kasatkina E.A., Henriksen K., Vashenuk E. Enhancement of stratospheric aerosol after solar proton event. Ann. Geophys. 1996, vol. 4, iss. 11, pp. 1119–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-996-1119-y. Tinsley B.A., Deen G.W. Apparent tropospheric response to MeV-GeV particle flux variations: a connection via electrofreezing of supercooled water in high-level clouds? J. Geophys. Res. 1991, vol.96, pp. 22283−22296. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD02473. Tinsley B.A., Deen G.W. Apparent tropospheric response to MeV-GeV particle flux variations: a connection via electrofreezing of supercooled water in high-level clouds? J. Geophys. Res. 1991, vol.96, pp. 22283−22296. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JD02473. Tinsley B.A., Brown G.M., Scherrer P.H. Solar variability influences on weather and climate: Possible connections through cosmic ray fluxes and storm intensification. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, vol. 94, iss. D12, pp. 14783–14792. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD12p14783. Tinsley B.A., Brown G.M., Scherrer P.H. Solar variability influences on weather and climate: Possible connections through cosmic ray fluxes and storm intensification. J. Geophys. Res. 1989, vol. 94, iss. D12, pp. 14783–14792. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD12p14783. Todd M.C., Kniveton D.R. Changes in cloud cover associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, vol. 106, pp. 32031–32041. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000405. Todd M.C., Kniveton D.R. Changes in cloud cover associated with Forbush decreases of galactic cosmic rays. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, vol. 106, pp. 32031–32041. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD000405. Todd M.C., Kniveton D.R. Short term variability in satellite-derived cloud cover and galactic cosmic rays: an update. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, pp. 1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.002. Todd M.C., Kniveton D.R. Short term variability in satellite-derived cloud cover and galactic cosmic rays: an update. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2004, vol. 66, pp. 1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2004.05.002. Veretenenko S.V., Pudovkin M.I. Effects of Forbush declines of galactic cosmic rays on total cloud cover variations. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 1994, vol. 34, pp. 38–44 (In Russian). Veretenenko S.V., Pudovkin M.I. Effects of Forbush declines of galactic cosmic rays on total cloud cover variations. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, 1994, vol. 34, pp. 38–44 (In Russian). Veretenenko S.V., Pudovkin M.I. Variations in total cloudiness during solar cosmic ray bursts. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1996, vol. 36, iss. 1, pp. 153–156. (In Russian). Veretenenko S.V., Pudovkin M.I. Variations in total cloudiness during solar cosmic ray bursts. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 1996, vol. 36, iss. 1, pp. 153–156. (In Russian). Veretenenko S.V., Tejll P. Solar proton events and evolution of cyclones in the North Atlantic. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2008, vol. 48, iss. 4, pp 518–528. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793208040130. Veretenenko S.V., Tejll P. Solar proton events and evolution of cyclones in the North Atlantic. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2008, vol. 48, iss. 4, pp 518–528. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793208040130. Veretenenko S.V., Ogurtsov M.G. Study of spatial and temporal structure of long-term effects of solar activity and cosmic ray variations on the lower atmosphere circulation. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2012, vol. 52, iss. 5, pp. 591–602. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793212050143. Veretenenko S.V., Ogurtsov M.G. Study of spatial and temporal structure of long-term effects of solar activity and cosmic ray variations on the lower atmosphere circulation. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2012, vol. 52, iss. 5, pp. 591–602. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016793212050143. Veretenenko S., Thejll P. Influence of energetic Solar Proton Events on the development of cyclonic processes at extratropical latitudes. IOP Publishing. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2013, vol. 409, 012237. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012237. Veretenenko S., Thejll P. Influence of energetic Solar Proton Events on the development of cyclonic processes at extratropical latitudes. IOP Publishing. J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 2013, vol. 409, 012237. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/409/1/012237. Yanchukovsky A.L., Tergoev V.I., Shapovalova P.A. Digital barograph. Patent SU504406A1. 1972. Yanchukovsky A.L., Tergoev V.I., Shapovalova P.A. Digital barograph. Patent SU504406A1. 1972. Yanchukovsky V.L. Response of the mid-latitude atmosphere to sporadic cosmic ray variations in the Western Siberian region. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2024, vol. 10, iss. 4, pp. 59–64. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-104202407. Yanchukovsky V.L. Response of the mid-latitude atmosphere to sporadic cosmic ray variations in the Western Siberian region. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2024, vol. 10, iss. 4, pp. 59–64. https://doi.org/10.12737/stp-104202407. URL: http://crsa.izmiran.ru/phpmyadmin (accessed September 17, 2025). URL: http://crsa.izmiran.ru/phpmyadmin (accessed September 17, 2025). URL: https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/products/gfs (accessed September 17, 2025). URL: https://www.nco.ncep.noaa.gov/pmb/products/gfs (accessed September 17, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/athn/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/athn/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/irkt/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/irkt/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/kiel/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/kiel/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cr0.izmiran.ru/mosc/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cr0.izmiran.ru/mosc/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/mosc/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/mosc/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/nvbk// (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/nvbk// (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/oulu/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/oulu/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/yktk/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/station/yktk/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/nest/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://www.nmdb.eu/nest/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cgm.iszf.irk.ru (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cgm.iszf.irk.ru (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cr0.izmiran.ru/nvbk/main.htm (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cr0.izmiran.ru/nvbk/main.htm (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://193.232.24.200/nvbk/main.htm (accessed September 18, 2025). https://www.nmdb.eu/station/mosc/ URL: http://193.232.24.200/nvbk/main.htm (accessed September 18, 2025). https://www.nmdb.eu/station/mosc/ URL: https://cosm-rays.ipgg.sbras.ru/data-page/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://cosm-rays.ipgg.sbras.ru/data-page/ (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/index.php/esa-neutron-monitor-service/multi-station-neutron-monitor-data (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://cosray.phys.uoa.gr/index.php/esa-neutron-monitor-service/multi-station-neutron-monitor-data (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://ikfia.ysn.ru/data/hecr/nm/yak (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: https://ikfia.ysn.ru/data/hecr/nm/yak (accessed September 18, 2025). URL: http://www.ckp-rf.ru/usu/433536 (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: http://www.ckp-rf.ru/usu/433536 (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://tools.izmiran.ru/cutoff/ (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://tools.izmiran.ru/cutoff/ (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://p-barometr.ru/brs-1m (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://p-barometr.ru/brs-1m (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/SU504406A1/ru (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://patents.google.com/patent/SU504406A1/ru (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://www.анероид .рф/catalog/meteorologiya/registratory/m-22a.htm (accessed October 25, 2025). URL: https://www.aneroid .rf/catalog/meteorologiya/registratory/m-22a.htm (accessed October 25, 2025).