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 <front>
  <journal-meta>
   <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-id>
   <journal-title-group>
    <journal-title xml:lang="en">Solar-Terrestrial Physics</journal-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Солнечно-земная физика / Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika / Solar-Terrestrial Physics</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </journal-title-group>
   <issn publication-format="online">2712-9640</issn>
  </journal-meta>
  <article-meta>
   <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">113877</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12737/szf-121202609</article-id>
   <article-id pub-id-type="edn">eotvqq</article-id>
   <article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
     <subject>Результаты  исследований</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
     <subject>Results of current research</subject>
    </subj-group>
    <subj-group>
     <subject>Результаты  исследований</subject>
    </subj-group>
   </article-categories>
   <title-group>
    <article-title xml:lang="en">Thermospheric effects during the magnetic superstorms in May 2024 and October-November 2003 in the Northern Hemisphere and the ionospheric response to them</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
     <trans-title>Термосферные эффекты во время магнитных супербурь в мае 2024 г. и октябре-ноябре 2003 г. в Cеверном полушарии и ионосферный отклик на них</trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
   </title-group>
   <contrib-group content-type="authors">
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8927-5814</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Черниговская</surname>
       <given-names>Марина Артуровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Chernigovskaya</surname>
       <given-names>Marina Arturovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>cher@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2857-4333</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Хабитуев</surname>
       <given-names>Денис Сергеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Khabituev</surname>
       <given-names>Denis Sergeevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>khabituev@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Сетов</surname>
       <given-names>Артём Геннадьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Setov</surname>
       <given-names>Artem Gennadyevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>artemsetov@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0847-3553</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Ратовский</surname>
       <given-names>Константин Геннадьевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Ratovsky</surname>
       <given-names>Konstantin Gennadyevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ratovsky@iszf.irk.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7299-6546</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Калишин</surname>
       <given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Kalishin</surname>
       <given-names>Alexey Sergeevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>askalishin@aari.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат технических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of technical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3661-4197</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Долгачева</surname>
       <given-names>Светлана Александровна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Dolgacheva</surname>
       <given-names>Svetlana Aleksandrovna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>dolgachyova2010@yandex.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Степанов</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Егорович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Stepanov</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Egorovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>a_e_stepanov@ikfia.ysn.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2254-6138</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Белинская</surname>
       <given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Belinskaya</surname>
       <given-names>Anastasiya Yuryevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>belinskayaay@ipgg.sbras.ru</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Бычков</surname>
       <given-names>Василий Валентинович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Bychkov</surname>
       <given-names>Vasily Valentinovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>vasily.v.bychkov@gmail.com</email>
     <bio xml:lang="ru">
      <p>кандидат физико-математических наук;</p>
     </bio>
     <bio xml:lang="en">
      <p>candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;</p>
     </bio>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-9"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Григорьева</surname>
       <given-names>Светлана Анатольевна</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Grigorieva</surname>
       <given-names>Svetlana Anatolyevna</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>ion@arti.igfuroran.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-10"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Панченко</surname>
       <given-names>Валерий Алексеевич</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Panchenko</surname>
       <given-names>Valery Alekseevich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>panch@izmiran.ru</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-11"/>
    </contrib>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
     <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-5443</contrib-id>
     <name-alternatives>
      <name xml:lang="ru">
       <surname>Тимченко</surname>
       <given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names>
      </name>
      <name xml:lang="en">
       <surname>Timchenko</surname>
       <given-names>Aleksandr Vladimirovich</given-names>
      </name>
     </name-alternatives>
     <email>aleksandr.timchenko77@gmail.com</email>
     <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-12"/>
    </contrib>
   </contrib-group>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-1">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-2">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-3">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-4">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Иркутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Irkutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-5">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</institution>
     <city>St. Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-6">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Арктический и антарктический научно-исследовательский институт</institution>
     <city>Санкт-Петербург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute</institution>
     <city>St. Petersburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-7">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космофизических исследований и аэрономии им. Ю.Г. Шафера СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Якутск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research  and Aeronomy SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Yakutsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-8">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А. Трофимука СО РАН</institution>
     <city>Новосибирск</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS</institution>
     <city>Novosibirsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-9">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт космофизических исследований и распространения радиоволн ДВО РАН</institution>
     <city>Паратунка</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Radio Wave Propagation FEB RAS</institution>
     <city>Paratunka</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-10">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт геофизики им. Ю.П. Булашевича УрО РАН</institution>
     <city>Екатеринбург</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Geophysics UB RAS</institution>
     <city>Ekaterinburg</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-11">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы  и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН</institution>
     <city>Москва, Троицк</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation RAS</institution>
     <city>Moscow, Troitsk</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <aff-alternatives id="aff-12">
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="ru">Калининградский филиал Института земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн им. Н.В. Пушкова РАН</institution>
     <city>Калининград</city>
     <country>Россия</country>
    </aff>
    <aff>
     <institution xml:lang="en">West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation RAS</institution>
     <city>Kaliningrad</city>
     <country>Russian Federation</country>
    </aff>
   </aff-alternatives>
   <pub-date publication-format="print" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25T13:15:14+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25T13:15:14+03:00">
    <day>25</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2026</year>
   </pub-date>
   <volume>12</volume>
   <issue>1</issue>
   <fpage>74</fpage>
   <lpage>94</lpage>
   <history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-08T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>08</day>
     <month>07</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-10-06T00:00:00+03:00">
     <day>06</day>
     <month>10</month>
     <year>2025</year>
    </date>
   </history>
   <self-uri xlink:href="https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/113877/view">https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/113877/view</self-uri>
   <abstract xml:lang="ru">
    <p>Исследованы пространственно-временные вариации ионосферных параметров над регионами Евразии в период экстремальной магнитной бури в мае 2024 г. на основе анализа данных цепей высоко- и среднеширотных ионозондов. Анализ ионосферных параметров позволил отметить сильные широтные и долготные различия в вариациях анализируемых параметров в спокойных условиях до начала магнитной бури и во время ее развития. Практически сразу после начала бури в 17:00 UT 10 мая 2024 г. по данным всех ионозондов зарегистрировано резкое падение электронной концентрации на высоте максимума F2-слоя независимо от местного времени в пункте измерения. Ионозонды высокоширотной цепи показывали полное отсутствие данных (блэкаут радиосигналов) на главной и ранней восстановительной фазах бури вплоть до вечера 12 мая 2024 г., т.е. более полутора суток. Дополнительные всплески геомагнитной активности на восстановительной фазе бури также сопровождались существенными продолжительными уменьшениями электронной концентрации по измерениям ионозондов на всех долготах Евразии. Восстановление ионизации ионосферы началось 14–15 мая на всех долготах средне- и высокоширотного региона Евразии. Длительное, охватывающее огромную территорию среднеширотной Евразии отрицательное возмущение электронной концентрации было вызвано чрезвычайным, катастрофическим падением отношения [О]/[N2], зарегистрированным по данным инструмента GUVI на спутнике TIMED, практически в течение трех суток в период супербури. Реакция состава термосферного нейтрального газа на процессы, развивавшиеся в высоких широтах Северного полушария 10–15 мая 2024 г., была глобальной, с проникновением термосферного возмущения практически на всех долготах вплоть до приэкваториальных широт (~10° N) и с очень низким значениями отношения [О]/[N2]~0.1÷0.4. Выявлены существенные различия в пространственно-временных вариациях состава термосферного нейтрального газа в периоды самых экстремальных геомагнитных бурь текущего 21-го столетия - в мае 2024 г. и октябре–ноябре 2003 г. Магнитная супербуря в мае 2024 г. характеризовалась намного большей геоэффективностью, чем супербури в октябре–ноябре 2003 г., и реакция ионосферы на нее существенно различалась на разных долготах и широтах Северного полушария.</p>
   </abstract>
   <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    <p>We study the spatiotemporal variations of ionospheric parameters over the regions of Eurasia by analyzing data from chains of high- and mid-latitude ionosondes during the extreme magnetic storm in May 2024. The analysis of ionospheric parameters allowed us to note strong latitudinal and longitudinal differences in variations of the analyzed parameters under quiet conditions before the onset of the magnetic storm and during its development. Almost immediately after the onset of the storm at 17:00 UT on May 10, 2024, according to data from all ionosondes, a sharp drop in the electron density at the height of the F2-layer maximum was recorded, regardless of the local time at the measurement point. Ionosondes of the high-latitude chain showed a complete absence of data (radio signal blackout) during the main and early recovery phases of the storm until the evening of May 12, 2024, i.e. more than one and a half days. Additional bursts of geomagnetic activity during the recovery phase of the storm were also accompanied by significant and prolonged decreases in the electron density according to ionosonde measurements at all longitudes of Eurasia. The recovery of ionospheric ionization began on May 14–15 at all longitudes of the mid- and high-latitude regions of Eurasia. A long-term negative disturbance of electron density covering a huge territory of mid-latitude Eurasia was caused by an extraordinary, catastrophic drop in the [O]/[N2] ratio according to satellite measurements of GUVI TIMED during the superstorm for almost three days. The response of the thermospheric composition of neutral gas to the processes developing at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere on May 10–15, 2024 was global, with penetration of the thermospheric disturbance at almost all longitudes up to the equatorial latitudes (~10° N) and with very low values of the [O]/[N2] ratio ~0.1÷0.4. Significant differences in the spatiotemporal variations of the thermospheric composition of neutral gas were revealed during the most extreme geomagnetic storms of the current 21st century — in May 2024 and October–November 2003 (Halloween storms). The magnetic superstorm in May 2024 was much more geoeffective than the superstorms in October–November 2003, and caused a significantly different ionospheric response at different longitudes and latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.</p>
   </trans-abstract>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
    <kwd>средне- и высокоширотная ионосфера</kwd>
    <kwd>цепи ионозондов</kwd>
    <kwd>геомагнитная буря</kwd>
    <kwd>вариации ионосферных параметров</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
    <kwd>mid- and high-latitude ionosphere</kwd>
    <kwd>ionosonde chains</kwd>
    <kwd>geomagnetic storm</kwd>
    <kwd>variations of ionospheric parameters</kwd>
   </kwd-group>
   <funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта РНФ № 25-17-00187 [https://rscf.ru/project/25-17-00187/]. Работы по проведению наблюдений и первичной обработке данных выполнены при поддержке Минобрнауки России. Работы по проведению наблюдений и первичной обработке данных частично выполнены при поддержке Минобрнауки РФ (проект FWZZ-2022-0019); в рамках государственного задания (номер госрегистрации 122011700182-1); в рамках п. 6.2. плана НИТР Росгидромета «Развитие методов и средств наземного мониторинга геофизической обстановки над территорией Арктики»</funding-statement>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 25-17-00187, https:// rscf.ru/en/project/25-17-00187/). The works on observations and data pre-processing were supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. The works on observations and data pre-processing were partially carried out with the support from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project FWZZ-2022-0019); under the Government assignment (State Registration Number 122011700182-1); under clause 6.2. of the plan of Roshydromet RTW &quot;Development of Methods and Means of Ground-Based Monitoring of the Geophysical Conditions over the Arctic&quot;</funding-statement>
   </funding-group>
  </article-meta>
 </front>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://guvitimed.jhuapl.edu/guvi-galleryl3on2 (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
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    <label>68.</label>
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     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/noaa-scales-explanation (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
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    <label>69.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wdc/Sec3.html (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B70">
    <label>70.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/geomag/geomagn_PC_ind.ru.html (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/geomag/geomagn_PC_ind.ru.html (accessed October 3, 2025)</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B71">
    <label>71.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/data/solar.act/flux10.7/daily/ (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/data/solar.act/flux10.7/daily/ (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B72">
    <label>72.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://guvitimed.jhuapl.edu/guvi/ (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://guvitimed.jhuapl.edu/guvi/ (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B73">
    <label>73.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://spidr2.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/ (дата обращения 30 мая 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://spidr2.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr/ (accessed May 30, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   <ref id="B74">
    <label>74.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/gal_edr-aur_cs (дата обращения 30 мая 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://ssusi.jhuapl.edu/gal_edr-aur_cs (accessed May 30, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B75">
    <label>75.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: http://ckp-rf.ru/ckp/3056/ (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: http://ckp-rf.ru/ckp/3056/ (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B76">
    <label>76.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://www.ukssdc.ac.uk (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://www.ukssdc.ac.uk (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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   </ref>
   <ref id="B77">
    <label>77.</label>
    <citation-alternatives>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">URL: https://rscf.ru/project/25-17-00187/ (дата обращения 3 октября 2025 г.).</mixed-citation>
     <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">URL: https://rscf.ru/project/25-17-00187/ (accessed October 3, 2025).</mixed-citation>
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  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
