Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics Solar-Terrestrial Physics 2500-0535 100200 10.12737/stp-112202510 Results of current research Results of current research Results of current research Experimental distributed network of VLF receivers for thunderstorm activity monitoring in the Baikal Natural Territory Experimental distributed network of VLF receivers for thunderstorm activity monitoring in the Baikal Natural Territory Ткачев Иван Дмитриевич Tkachev Ivan Dmitrievich tid007@iszf.irk.ru https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-7964 Васильев Роман Валерьевич Vasilyev Roman Valeryevich roman_vasilyev@iszf.irk.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Зоркальцева Ольга Сергеевна Zorkaltseva Olga Sergeevna olgak@iszf.irk.ru

кандидат физико-математических наук;

candidate of physical and mathematical sciences;

 Полетаев Александр Сергеевич Poletaev Alexandr Sergeevich poletaevas@ex.istu.edu Ченский Александр Геннадьевич Chensky Alexandr Gennadyevich zavmts@ex.istu.edu Васильев Константин Максимович Vasiliev Konstantin Maksimovich vasilevkm@iszf.irk.ru Салимгореев Ренат Равилевич Salimgoreev Renat Ravilevich salimgoreev.renat@gmail.com Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Иркутский национальный исследовательский технический университет Irkutsk Россия Irkutsk State Technical University Irkutsk Russian Federation Институт солнечно-земной физики СО РАН Иркутск Россия Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS Irkutsk Russian Federation Иркутский государственный университет Иркутск Россия Irkutsk State University Irkutsk Russian Federation 26 06 2025 26 06 2025 11 2 99 110 14 02 2025 09 04 2025 https://naukaru.ru/en/nauka/article/100200/view

The paper describes the current state of the lightning location network deployed in the Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia, which includes four stations. It is based on the results obtained during several stages of the project “Fundamental principles, methods, and technologies for digital monitoring and forecasting of environmental situation of the Baikal Natural Territory”. We present a diagram of the VLF receiver in use. Data processing, features of some algorithms, and the rationale for their choice are described in detail. Developing processing algorithms and further upgrading them have provided lightning discharge maps with a period of several minutes. We present intermediate results of the network operation, a lightning discharge distribution map and give recommendations for further developing and upgrading the lightning location network.

The paper describes the current state of the lightning location network deployed in the Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia, which includes four stations. It is based on the results obtained during several stages of the project “Fundamental principles, methods, and technologies for digital monitoring and forecasting of environmental situation of the Baikal Natural Territory”. We present a diagram of the VLF receiver in use. Data processing, features of some algorithms, and the rationale for their choice are described in detail. Developing processing algorithms and further upgrading them have provided lightning discharge maps with a period of several minutes. We present intermediate results of the network operation, a lightning discharge distribution map and give recommendations for further developing and upgrading the lightning location network.

 lightning location networks VLF receiver lightning discharges atmospheric electricity thunderstorm activity monitoring lightning location networks VLF receiver lightning discharges atmospheric electricity thunderstorm activity monitoring The work was financially supported of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Subsidy No. 075-GZ/C3569/278) The work was financially supported of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Subsidy No. 075-GZ/C3569/278)

Adzhiev A.Kh., Stasenko V.N., Tapaskhanov V.O. Lightning detection system in the North Caucasus. Meteorologiya i gidrologiya [Meteorology and Hydrology]. 2013, no. 1, pp. 2–11. (In Russian). Adzhiev A.Kh., Stasenko V.N., Tapaskhanov V.O. Lightning detection system in the North Caucasus. Meteorologiya i gidrologiya [Meteorology and Hydrology]. 2013, no. 1, pp. 2–11. (In Russian). Bychkov I.V., Gladkochub D.P., Ruzhnikov G.M. Fundamental principles, methods and technologies of digital monitoring and forecasting of the environmental situation in the Baikal natural territory. Russian Academy of Sciences. Siberian Branch. Matrosov Institute of System Dynamics and Control Theory. Integration projects of SB RAS. Novosibirsk, 2022, vol. 48, 345 p. DOI: 10.53954/9785604788943. (In Russian). Bychkov I.V., Gladkochub D.P., Ruzhnikov G.M. Fundamental principles, methods and technologies of digital monitoring and forecasting of the environmental situation in the Baikal natural territory. Russian Academy of Sciences. Siberian Branch. Matrosov Institute of System Dynamics and Control Theory. Integration projects of SB RAS. Novosibirsk, 2022, vol. 48, 345 p. DOI: 10.53954/9785604788943. (In Russian). Chen Z., Qie X., Sun J., Xiao X., Zhang Y., Cao D., Yang J. Evaluation of Fengyun-4A Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) performance during multiple convective episodes over Beijing. Remote Sens. 2021, vol. 13, no. 9, 1746. DOI: 10.3390/rs13091746. Chen Z., Qie X., Sun J., Xiao X., Zhang Y., Cao D., Yang J. Evaluation of Fengyun-4A Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI) performance during multiple convective episodes over Beijing. Remote Sens. 2021, vol. 13, no. 9, 1746. DOI: 10.3390/rs13091746. Cummins K.L., Krider E.P., Malone M.D. The US National Lightning Detection Network TM and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities. IEEE Transactions Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1998, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 465–480. DOI: 10.1109/15.736207. Cummins K.L., Krider E.P., Malone M.D. The US National Lightning Detection Network TM and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities. IEEE Transactions Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1998, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 465–480. DOI: 10.1109/15.736207. Dillinger M., Madani K., Alonistioti N. Software defined radio: architectures, systems, and functions. Wiley. 2003, 454 p. Dillinger M., Madani K., Alonistioti N. Software defined radio: architectures, systems, and functions. Wiley. 2003, 454 p. Dowden R.L., Brundell J.B., Rodger C.J. VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2002, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 817–830. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00085-8. Dowden R.L., Brundell J.B., Rodger C.J. VLF lightning location by time of group arrival (TOGA) at multiple sites. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 2002, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 817–830. DOI: 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00085-8. Filippov A.Kh. Grozy Vostochnoj Sibiri [Thunderstorms in Eastern Siberia]. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat Publ., 1974, 75 p. (In Russian). Filippov A.Kh. Grozy Vostochnoj Sibiri [Thunderstorms in Eastern Siberia]. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat Publ., 1974, 75 p. (In Russian). Gorlova I.D. Study of thunderstorm activity by means of space and ground-based means. Problems of military applied geophysics and monitoring of the state of the natural environment: Proc. VI All-Russian Scientific Conference. St. Petersburg: A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy, 2020, pp. 211–213. (In Russian). Gorlova I.D. Study of thunderstorm activity by means of space and ground-based means. Problems of military applied geophysics and monitoring of the state of the natural environment: Proc. VI All-Russian Scientific Conference. St. Petersburg: A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy, 2020, pp. 211–213. (In Russian). Hersbach H., Bell B., Berrisford P., Hirahara S., Horányi A., Muñoz-Sabater J., Nicolas J., et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Soc. 2020, vol. 146, pp. 1999–2049. DOI: 10.1002/qj.3803. Hersbach H., Bell B., Berrisford P., Hirahara S., Horányi A., Muñoz-Sabater J., Nicolas J., et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly J. Royal Meteorological Soc. 2020, vol. 146, pp. 1999–2049. DOI: 10.1002/qj.3803. Karanina S.Yu., Kocheeva N.A., Karanin A.V. Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning discharges on the territory of the Altai-Sayan region. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Severo-Kavkazskii region. Estestvennye nauki [News of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasian Region. Natural Sciences], 2017, no. 4-1 (196), pp. 128–138. DOI: 10.23683/0321-3005-2017-4-1-128-138. (In Russian). Karanina S.Yu., Kocheeva N.A., Karanin A.V. Spatial and temporal distribution of lightning discharges on the territory of the Altai-Sayan region. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Severo-Kavkazskii region. Estestvennye nauki [News of Higher Educational Institutions. North Caucasian Region. Natural Sciences], 2017, no. 4-1 (196), pp. 128–138. DOI: 10.23683/0321-3005-2017-4-1-128-138. (In Russian). Kononov I.I., Petrenko I.A., Snegurov V.S. Radiotekhnicheskie metody mestoopredeleniya grozovykh ochagov [Radiotechnical Methods for Locating Thunderstorm Centers]. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat Publ., 1986, 220 p. (In Russian). Kononov I.I., Petrenko I.A., Snegurov V.S. Radiotekhnicheskie metody mestoopredeleniya grozovykh ochagov [Radiotechnical Methods for Locating Thunderstorm Centers]. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat Publ., 1986, 220 p. (In Russian). Kozlov V.I., Markova A.Yu., Shabaganova S.N. Errors in methods of observing lightning discharges using one- and two-point lightning detection systems. Nauka i obrazovanie [Science and Education], 2010, no. 1, pp. 7–12. (In Russian). Kozlov V.I., Markova A.Yu., Shabaganova S.N. Errors in methods of observing lightning discharges using one- and two-point lightning detection systems. Nauka i obrazovanie [Science and Education], 2010, no. 1, pp. 7–12. (In Russian). Kozlov V.I., Tarabukina L.D., Vasiliev A.A. Development of lightning detection system in Yakutia. Materialy IX Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferencii po atmosfernomu elektrichestvu: Voenno-kosmicheskaya akademiya imeni A.F. Mozhajskogo. Sankt-Peterburg [Proc. IX All-Russian Scientific Conference on Atmospheric Electricity: A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy. St. Petersburg]. 2023, pp. 278–287. (In Russian). Kozlov V.I., Tarabukina L.D., Vasiliev A.A. Development of lightning detection system in Yakutia. Materialy IX Vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferencii po atmosfernomu elektrichestvu: Voenno-kosmicheskaya akademiya imeni A.F. Mozhajskogo. Sankt-Peterburg [Proc. IX All-Russian Scientific Conference on Atmospheric Electricity: A.F. Mozhaisky Military Space Academy. St. Petersburg]. 2023, pp. 278–287. (In Russian). Lay E.H., Holzworth R.H., Rodger C.J., Thomas J.N., Pinto O.Jr., Dowden R.L. WWLL global lightning detection system: Regional validation study in Brazil. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, vol. 31, L03102. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018882. Lay E.H., Holzworth R.H., Rodger C.J., Thomas J.N., Pinto O.Jr., Dowden R.L. WWLL global lightning detection system: Regional validation study in Brazil. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2004, vol. 31, L03102. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018882. Moskovenko V.M., Znamenshhikov B.P., Zolotarev S.V. Application of the Vereya-MR lightning-direction finding system in the interests of the Russian electric power industry. Novoe v rossiiskoi elektroenergetike [New in the Russian Power Industry], 2012, no. 2, pp. 15–23. (In Russian). Moskovenko V.M., Znamenshhikov B.P., Zolotarev S.V. Application of the Vereya-MR lightning-direction finding system in the interests of the Russian electric power industry. Novoe v rossiiskoi elektroenergetike [New in the Russian Power Industry], 2012, no. 2, pp. 15–23. (In Russian). Naccarato K.P., Pinto O.Jr., Garcia S.A.M., Murphy J.M., Demetriades N.W.S., Cramer J.A. Validation of the new GLD360 dataset in Brazil: First results. Preprints. International Lightning Detection Conference. Vaisala. 2010, pp. 1–6. Naccarato K.P., Pinto O.Jr., Garcia S.A.M., Murphy J.M., Demetriades N.W.S., Cramer J.A. Validation of the new GLD360 dataset in Brazil: First results. Preprints. International Lightning Detection Conference. Vaisala. 2010, pp. 1–6. Nechepurenko O.E., Gorbatenko V.P., Pustovalov K.N., Gromova A.V. Thunderstorm activity over Western Siberia. Geosfernye issledovaniya [Geospheric Research], 2022, no. 4, pp. 123–134. DOI: 10.17223/25421379/25/8. (In Russian). Nechepurenko O.E., Gorbatenko V.P., Pustovalov K.N., Gromova A.V. Thunderstorm activity over Western Siberia. Geosfernye issledovaniya [Geospheric Research], 2022, no. 4, pp. 123–134. DOI: 10.17223/25421379/25/8. (In Russian). Orville R.E., Huffines G.R., Burrows W.R., Holle R.L., Cummins K.L. The North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN) — First results: 1998–2000. Monthly Weather Review. 2002, vol. 130, no. 8, pp. 2098–2109. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2098:TNALDN>2.0.CO;2. Orville R.E., Huffines G.R., Burrows W.R., Holle R.L., Cummins K.L. The North American Lightning Detection Network (NALDN) — First results: 1998–2000. Monthly Weather Review. 2002, vol. 130, no. 8, pp. 2098–2109. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2098:TNALDN>2.0.CO;2. Proctor D.E. A hyperbolic system for obtaining VHF radio pictures of lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 1971, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 1478–1489. DOI: 10.1029/JC076i006p01478. Proctor D.E. A hyperbolic system for obtaining VHF radio pictures of lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 1971, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 1478–1489. DOI: 10.1029/JC076i006p01478. Qie X., Yuan S., Chen Z., Wang D., Liu D., Sun M., et al. Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms 535 over the Beijing metropolitan region. Science China Earth Sciences. 2020, vol. 64, pp. 10–26. DOI: 10.1007/s11430-020-9656-8. Qie X., Yuan S., Chen Z., Wang D., Liu D., Sun M., et al. Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms 535 over the Beijing metropolitan region. Science China Earth Sciences. 2020, vol. 64, pp. 10–26. DOI: 10.1007/s11430-020-9656-8. Sarafanov F.G., Shatalina M.V., Shlyugaev Yu.V., Mareev E.A. Modern lightning detection systems: global and regional aspects. Fundamentalnaya i prikladnaya klimatologiya [Fundamental and Applied Climatology]. 2024, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 76–92. DOI: 10.21513/2410-8758-2024-1-76-92. (In Russian). Sarafanov F.G., Shatalina M.V., Shlyugaev Yu.V., Mareev E.A. Modern lightning detection systems: global and regional aspects. Fundamentalnaya i prikladnaya klimatologiya [Fundamental and Applied Climatology]. 2024, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 76–92. DOI: 10.21513/2410-8758-2024-1-76-92. (In Russian). Selivanov V.N., Burtsev A.V., Ivonin V.N., Kolobov V.V. Analysis of lightning activity in the Murmansk region in 2021. Trudy Kolskogo nauchnogo centra RAN. Seriya: Tekhnicheskienauki [Proc. of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Series: Technical Sciences]. 2022, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 59–67. DOI: 10.37614/2949-1215.2022.13.3.006. (In Russian). Selivanov V.N., Burtsev A.V., Ivonin V.N., Kolobov V.V. Analysis of lightning activity in the Murmansk region in 2021. Trudy Kolskogo nauchnogo centra RAN. Seriya: Tekhnicheskienauki [Proc. of the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Series: Technical Sciences]. 2022, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 59–67. DOI: 10.37614/2949-1215.2022.13.3.006. (In Russian). Takagi J., Kanazawa H., Ichikawa K., Mitamura H. A simple intuitive method for seeking intersections of hyperbolas for acoustic positioning biotelemetry. PLOS One. 2022, vol. 17, no. 11, e0276289. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276289. Takagi J., Kanazawa H., Ichikawa K., Mitamura H. A simple intuitive method for seeking intersections of hyperbolas for acoustic positioning biotelemetry. PLOS One. 2022, vol. 17, no. 11, e0276289. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276289. Tarabukina L.D., Kozlov V.I. Comparison of measurements of several lightning radio pulse recording systems. Vestnik SVFU [Vestnik of NEFU], 2018, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 77–86. (In Russian). Tarabukina L.D., Kozlov V.I. Comparison of measurements of several lightning radio pulse recording systems. Vestnik SVFU [Vestnik of NEFU], 2018, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 77–86. (In Russian). Tkachev I.D., Vasilyev R.V., Belousova E.P. Cluster analysis of lightning discharges: Based on Vereya-MR network data. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2021, vol. 7, iss. 4, pp. 85–92. DOI: 10.12737/stp-74202109. Tkachev I.D., Vasilyev R.V., Belousova E.P. Cluster analysis of lightning discharges: Based on Vereya-MR network data. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2021, vol. 7, iss. 4, pp. 85–92. DOI: 10.12737/stp-74202109. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge.International Geophysics Series. Orlando: Academic Press. 1987, vol. 39, 390 p. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge.International Geophysics Series. Orlando: Academic Press. 1987, vol. 39, 390 p. Vasilyev R.V., Tashchilin M.A., Tatarnikov A.V. Comparison of the dynamics of thermal points and registered forest fires with the dynamics of lightning discharges in the Baikal natural territory. Vychislitel’nyetekhnologii [Computingtechnologies]. 2023, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 37–45. DOI: 10.25743/ ICT.2023.28.6.004. (In Russian). Vasilyev R.V., Tashchilin M.A., Tatarnikov A.V. Comparison of the dynamics of thermal points and registered forest fires with the dynamics of lightning discharges in the Baikal natural territory. Vychislitel’nyetekhnologii [Computingtechnologies]. 2023, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 37–45. DOI: 10.25743/ ICT.2023.28.6.004. (In Russian). Zhang D., Cummins K.L., Lang T.J., Buechler D., Rudlosky S. Performance evaluation of the lightning imaging sensor on the international space station. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2023, vol. 40, pp. 1063–1082. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0120.1. Zhang D., Cummins K.L., Lang T.J., Buechler D., Rudlosky S. Performance evaluation of the lightning imaging sensor on the international space station. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2023, vol. 40, pp. 1063–1082. DOI: 10.1175/JTECH-D-22-0120.1. URL: https://www.blitzortung.org/ (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: https://www.blitzortung.org/ (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: https://www.eumetsat.int/features/animations-europes-first-lightning-imager (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: https://www.eumetsat.int/features/animations-europes-first-lightning-imager (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: https://meteoinfo.ru/mapsynop (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: https://meteoinfo.ru/mapsynop (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: http://www.alwes.ru (accessed December 12, 2024). URL: http://www.alwes.ru (accessed December 12, 2024).